base-4.18.1.0: Basic libraries

Copyright | (c) The University of Glasgow 1994-2002
License | see libraries/base/LICENSE
Maintainer | cvs-ghc@haskell.org
Stability | internal
Portability | non-portable (GHC Extensions)
Safe Haskell | Unsafe
Language | Haskell2010

GHC.IO.Unsafe

Description

Unsafe IO operations

Synopsis

- unsafePerformIO :: IO a -> a
- unsafeInterleaveIO :: IO a -> IO a
- unsafeDupablePerformIO :: IO a -> a
- unsafeDupableInterleaveIO :: IO a -> IO a
- noDuplicate :: IO ()

# Documentation

unsafePerformIO :: IO a -> a Source #

This is the "back door" into the `IO` monad, allowing `IO` computation to be performed at any time. For this to be safe, the `IO` computation should be free of side effects and independent of its environment.

If the I/O computation wrapped in `unsafePerformIO` performs side effects, then the relative order in which those side effects take place (relative to the main I/O trunk, or other calls to `unsafePerformIO`) is indeterminate. Furthermore, when using `unsafePerformIO` to cause side-effects, you should take the following precautions to ensure the side effects are performed as many times as you expect them to be. Note that these precautions are necessary for GHC, but may not be sufficient, and other compilers may require different precautions:

- Use `{-# NOINLINE foo #-}` as a pragma on any function `foo` that calls `unsafePerformIO`. If the call is inlined, the I/O may be performed more than once.
- Use the compiler flag `-fno-cse` to prevent common sub-expression elimination being performed on the module, which might combine two side effects that were meant to be separate. A good example is using multiple global variables (like `test` in the example below).
- Make sure that the either you switch off let-floating (`-fno-full-laziness`), or that the call to `unsafePerformIO` cannot float outside a lambda. For example, if you say: `f x = unsafePerformIO (newIORef [])` you may get only one reference cell shared between all calls to `f`. Better would be `f x = unsafePerformIO (newIORef [x])` because now it can't float outside the lambda.

It is less well known that `unsafePerformIO` is not type safe. For example:

        test :: IORef [a]
        test = unsafePerformIO $ newIORef []

        main = do
                writeIORef test [42]
                bang <- readIORef test
                print (bang :: [Char])

This program will core dump. This problem with polymorphic references is well known in the ML community, and does not arise with normal monadic use of references. There is no easy way to make it impossible once you use `unsafePerformIO`. Indeed, it is possible to write `coerce :: a -> b` with the help of `unsafePerformIO`. So be careful!

WARNING: If you're looking for "a way to get a `String` from an 'IO String'", then `unsafePerformIO` is not the way to go. Learn about do-notation and the `<-` syntax element before you proceed.

unsafeInterleaveIO :: IO a -> IO a Source #

`unsafeInterleaveIO` allows an `IO` computation to be deferred lazily. When passed a value of type `IO a`, the `IO` will only be performed when the value of the `a` is demanded. This is used to implement lazy file reading, see `hGetContents`.

unsafeDupablePerformIO :: IO a -> a Source #

This version of `unsafePerformIO` is more efficient because it omits the check that the IO is only being performed by a single thread. Hence, when you use `unsafeDupablePerformIO`, there is a possibility that the IO action may be performed multiple times (on a multiprocessor), and you should therefore ensure that it gives the same results each time. It may even happen that one of the duplicated IO actions is only run partially, and then interrupted in the middle without an exception being raised. Therefore, functions like `bracket` cannot be used safely within `unsafeDupablePerformIO`.

Since: base-4.4.0.0

unsafeDupableInterleaveIO :: IO a -> IO a Source #

`unsafeDupableInterleaveIO` allows an `IO` computation to be deferred lazily. When passed a value of type `IO a`, the `IO` will only be performed when the value of the `a` is demanded.

The computation may be performed multiple times by different threads, possibly at the same time. To ensure that the computation is performed only once, use `unsafeInterleaveIO` instead.

noDuplicate :: IO () Source #

Ensures that the suspensions under evaluation by the current thread are unique; that is, the current thread is not evaluating anything that is also under evaluation by another thread that has also executed `noDuplicate`.

This operation is used in the definition of `unsafePerformIO` to prevent the IO action from being executed multiple times, which is usually undesirable.