miri/concurrency/

weak_memory.rs

//! Implementation of C++11-consistent weak memory emulation using store buffers
//! based on Dynamic Race Detection for C++ ("the paper"):
//! <https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~afd/homepages/papers/pdfs/2017/POPL.pdf>
//!
//! This implementation will never generate weak memory behaviours forbidden by the C++11 model,
//! but it is incapable of producing all possible weak behaviours allowed by the model. There are
//! certain weak behaviours observable on real hardware but not while using this.
//!
//! Note that this implementation does not fully take into account of C++20's memory model revision to SC accesses
//! and fences introduced by P0668 (<https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p0668r5.html>).
//! This implementation is not fully correct under the revised C++20 model and may generate behaviours C++20
//! disallows (<https://github.com/rust-lang/miri/issues/2301>).
//!
//! Modifications are made to the paper's model to address C++20 changes:
//! - If an SC load reads from an atomic store of any ordering, then a later SC load cannot read
//!   from an earlier store in the location's modification order. This is to prevent creating a
//!   backwards S edge from the second load to the first, as a result of C++20's coherence-ordered
//!   before rules. (This seems to rule out behaviors that were actually permitted by the RC11 model
//!   that C++20 intended to copy (<https://plv.mpi-sws.org/scfix/paper.pdf>); a change was
//!   introduced when translating the math to English. According to Viktor Vafeiadis, this
//!   difference is harmless. So we stick to what the standard says, and allow fewer behaviors.)
//! - If an SC store happens after a load (of any ordering), then the existing store (of any ordering)
//!   seen by the load is marked as an SC store. (The paper's model only marks stores that happen-before
//!   an SC store as SC.)
//! - SC fences are treated like AcqRel RMWs to a global clock, to ensure they induce enough
//!   synchronization with the surrounding accesses. This rules out legal behavior, but it is really
//!   hard to be more precise here.
//!
//! Rust follows the C++20 memory model (except for the Consume ordering and some operations not performable through C++'s
//! `std::atomic<T>` API). It is therefore possible for this implementation to generate behaviours never observable when the
//! same program is compiled and run natively. Unfortunately, no literature exists at the time of writing which proposes
//! an implementable and C++20-compatible relaxed memory model that supports all atomic operation existing in Rust. The closest one is
//! A Promising Semantics for Relaxed-Memory Concurrency by Jeehoon Kang et al. (<https://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~orilahav/papers/popl17.pdf>)
//! However, this model lacks SC accesses and is therefore unusable by Miri (SC accesses are everywhere in library code).
//!
//! If you find anything that proposes a relaxed memory model that is C++20-consistent, supports all orderings Rust's atomic accesses
//! and fences accept, and is implementable (with operational semantics), please open a GitHub issue!
//!
//! One characteristic of this implementation, in contrast to some other notable operational models such as ones proposed in
//! Taming Release-Acquire Consistency by Ori Lahav et al. (<https://plv.mpi-sws.org/sra/paper.pdf>) or Promising Semantics noted above,
//! is that this implementation does not require each thread to hold an isolated view of the entire memory. Here, store buffers are per-location
//! and shared across all threads. This is more memory efficient but does require store elements (representing writes to a location) to record
//! information about reads, whereas in the other two models it is the other way round: reads points to the write it got its value from.
//! Additionally, writes in our implementation do not have globally unique timestamps attached. In the other two models this timestamp is
//! used to make sure a value in a thread's view is not overwritten by a write that occurred earlier than the one in the existing view.
//! In our implementation, this is detected using read information attached to store elements, as there is no data structure representing reads.
//!
//! The C++ memory model is built around the notion of an 'atomic object', so it would be natural
//! to attach store buffers to atomic objects. However, Rust follows LLVM in that it only has
//! 'atomic accesses'. Therefore Miri cannot know when and where atomic 'objects' are being
//! created or destroyed, to manage its store buffers. Instead, we hence lazily create an
//! atomic object on the first atomic write to a given region, and we destroy that object
//! on the next non-atomic or imperfectly overlapping atomic write to that region.
//! These lazy (de)allocations happen in memory_accessed() on non-atomic accesses, and
//! get_or_create_store_buffer_mut() on atomic writes.
//!
//! One consequence of this difference is that safe/sound Rust allows for more operations on atomic locations
//! than the C++20 atomic API was intended to allow, such as non-atomically accessing
//! a previously atomically accessed location, or accessing previously atomically accessed locations with a differently sized operation
//! (such as accessing the top 16 bits of an AtomicU32). These scenarios are generally undiscussed in formalizations of C++ memory model.
//! In Rust, these operations can only be done through a `&mut AtomicFoo` reference or one derived from it, therefore these operations
//! can only happen after all previous accesses on the same locations. This implementation is adapted to allow these operations.
//! A mixed atomicity read that races with writes, or a write that races with reads or writes will still cause UBs to be thrown.
//! Mixed size atomic accesses must not race with any other atomic access, whether read or write, or a UB will be thrown.
//! You can refer to test cases in weak_memory/extra_cpp.rs and weak_memory/extra_cpp_unsafe.rs for examples of these operations.

// Our and the author's own implementation (tsan11) of the paper have some deviations from the provided operational semantics in §5.3:
// 1. In the operational semantics, loads acquire the vector clock of the atomic location
// irrespective of which store buffer element is loaded. That's incorrect; the synchronization clock
// needs to be tracked per-store-buffer-element. (The paper has a field "clocks" for that purpose,
// but it is not actuallt used.) tsan11 does this correctly
// (https://github.com/ChrisLidbury/tsan11/blob/ecbd6b81e9b9454e01cba78eb9d88684168132c7/lib/tsan/rtl/tsan_relaxed.cc#L305).
//
// 2. In the operational semantics, each store element keeps the timestamp of a thread when it loads from the store.
// If the same thread loads from the same store element multiple times, then the timestamps at all loads are saved in a list of load elements.
// This is not necessary as later loads by the same thread will always have greater timestamp values, so we only need to record the timestamp of the first
// load by each thread. This optimisation is done in tsan11
// (https://github.com/ChrisLidbury/tsan11/blob/ecbd6b81e9b9454e01cba78eb9d88684168132c7/lib/tsan/rtl/tsan_relaxed.h#L35-L37)
// and here.
//
// 3. §4.5 of the paper wants an SC store to mark all existing stores in the buffer that happens before it
// as SC. This is not done in the operational semantics but implemented correctly in tsan11
// (https://github.com/ChrisLidbury/tsan11/blob/ecbd6b81e9b9454e01cba78eb9d88684168132c7/lib/tsan/rtl/tsan_relaxed.cc#L160-L167).
// On top of this we've added a C++20 change: if the current SC store happens after a load, then the store seen by that load
// is marked SC.
//
// 4. W_SC ; R_SC case requires the SC load to ignore all but last store marked SC (stores not marked SC are not
// affected). But this rule is applied to all loads in ReadsFromSet from the paper (last two lines of code), not just SC load.
// This is implemented correctly in tsan11
// (https://github.com/ChrisLidbury/tsan11/blob/ecbd6b81e9b9454e01cba78eb9d88684168132c7/lib/tsan/rtl/tsan_relaxed.cc#L295)
// and here.

use std::cell::{Ref, RefCell};
use std::collections::VecDeque;

use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;

use super::AllocDataRaceHandler;
use super::data_race::{GlobalState as DataRaceState, ThreadClockSet};
use super::vector_clock::{VClock, VTimestamp, VectorIdx};
use crate::concurrency::GlobalDataRaceHandler;
use crate::data_structures::range_object_map::{AccessType, RangeObjectMap};
use crate::*;

pub type AllocState = StoreBufferAlloc;

// Each store buffer must be bounded otherwise it will grow indefinitely.
// However, bounding the store buffer means restricting the amount of weak
// behaviours observable. The author picked 128 as a good tradeoff
// so we follow them here.
const STORE_BUFFER_LIMIT: usize = 128;

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct StoreBufferAlloc {
    /// Store buffer of each atomic object in this allocation
    // Behind a RefCell because we need to allocate/remove on read access
    store_buffers: RefCell<RangeObjectMap<StoreBuffer>>,
}

impl VisitProvenance for StoreBufferAlloc {
    fn visit_provenance(&self, visit: &mut VisitWith<'_>) {
        let Self { store_buffers } = self;
        for val in store_buffers
            .borrow()
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|buf| buf.buffer.iter().map(|element| &element.val))
        {
            val.visit_provenance(visit);
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub(super) struct StoreBuffer {
    // Stores to this location in modification order
    buffer: VecDeque<StoreElement>,
}

/// Whether a load returned the latest value or not.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
enum LoadRecency {
    Latest,
    Outdated,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct StoreElement {
    /// The thread that performed the store.
    store_thread: VectorIdx,
    /// The timestamp of the storing thread when it performed the store
    store_timestamp: VTimestamp,

    /// The vector clock that can be acquired by loading this store.
    sync_clock: VClock,

    /// Whether this store is SC. If a store happens-before or precedes in `mo` another SC store,
    /// then it is also marked as SC.
    is_seqcst: bool,

    /// The value of this store. `None` means uninitialized.
    // FIXME: Currently, we cannot represent partial initialization.
    val: Option<Scalar>,

    /// Metadata about loads from this store element,
    /// behind a RefCell to keep load op take &self
    load_info: RefCell<LoadInfo>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
struct LoadInfo {
    /// Timestamp of first loads from this store element by each thread.
    timestamps: FxHashMap<VectorIdx, VTimestamp>,
    /// Whether this store element has been read by an SC load.
    /// This is crucial to ensure we respect coherence-ordered-before. Concretely we use
    /// this to ensure that if a store element is seen by an SC load, then all later SC loads
    /// cannot see `mo`-earlier store elements.
    sc_loaded: bool,
}

impl StoreBufferAlloc {
    pub fn new_allocation() -> Self {
        Self { store_buffers: RefCell::new(RangeObjectMap::new()) }
    }

    /// When a non-atomic write happens on a location that has been atomically accessed
    /// before without data race, we can determine that the non-atomic write fully happens
    /// after all the prior atomic writes so the location no longer needs to exhibit
    /// any weak memory behaviours until further atomic writes.
    pub fn non_atomic_write(&self, range: AllocRange, global: &DataRaceState) {
        if !global.ongoing_action_data_race_free() {
            let mut buffers = self.store_buffers.borrow_mut();
            let access_type = buffers.access_type(range);
            match access_type {
                AccessType::PerfectlyOverlapping(pos) => {
                    buffers.remove_from_pos(pos);
                }
                AccessType::ImperfectlyOverlapping(pos_range) => {
                    // We rely on the data-race check making sure this is synchronized.
                    // Therefore we can forget about the old data here.
                    buffers.remove_pos_range(pos_range);
                }
                AccessType::Empty(_) => {
                    // The range had no weak behaviours attached, do nothing
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Gets a store buffer associated with an atomic object in this allocation.
    /// Returns `None` if there is no store buffer.
    fn get_store_buffer<'tcx>(
        &self,
        range: AllocRange,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, Option<Ref<'_, StoreBuffer>>> {
        let access_type = self.store_buffers.borrow().access_type(range);
        let AccessType::PerfectlyOverlapping(pos) = access_type else {
            // If there is nothing here yet, that means there wasn't an atomic write yet so
            // we can't return anything outdated.
            return interp_ok(None);
        };
        let store_buffer = Ref::map(self.store_buffers.borrow(), |buffer| &buffer[pos]);
        interp_ok(Some(store_buffer))
    }

    /// Gets a mutable store buffer associated with an atomic object in this allocation,
    /// or creates one with the specified initial value if no atomic object exists yet.
    fn get_or_create_store_buffer_mut<'tcx>(
        &mut self,
        range: AllocRange,
        init: Result<Option<Scalar>, ()>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, &mut StoreBuffer> {
        let buffers = self.store_buffers.get_mut();
        let access_type = buffers.access_type(range);
        let pos = match access_type {
            AccessType::PerfectlyOverlapping(pos) => pos,
            AccessType::Empty(pos) => {
                let init =
                    init.expect("cannot have empty store buffer when previous write was atomic");
                buffers.insert_at_pos(pos, range, StoreBuffer::new(init));
                pos
            }
            AccessType::ImperfectlyOverlapping(pos_range) => {
                // Once we reach here we would've already checked that this access is not racy.
                let init = init.expect(
                    "cannot have partially overlapping store buffer when previous write was atomic",
                );
                buffers.remove_pos_range(pos_range.clone());
                buffers.insert_at_pos(pos_range.start, range, StoreBuffer::new(init));
                pos_range.start
            }
        };
        interp_ok(&mut buffers[pos])
    }
}

impl<'tcx> StoreBuffer {
    fn new(init: Option<Scalar>) -> Self {
        let mut buffer = VecDeque::new();
        let store_elem = StoreElement {
            // The thread index and timestamp of the initialisation write
            // are never meaningfully used, so it's fine to leave them as 0
            store_thread: VectorIdx::from(0),
            store_timestamp: VTimestamp::ZERO,
            // The initialization write is non-atomic so nothing can be acquired.
            sync_clock: VClock::default(),
            val: init,
            is_seqcst: false,
            load_info: RefCell::new(LoadInfo::default()),
        };
        buffer.push_back(store_elem);
        Self { buffer }
    }

    /// Reads from the last store in modification order, if any.
    fn read_from_last_store(
        &self,
        global: &DataRaceState,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_>,
        is_seqcst: bool,
    ) {
        let store_elem = self.buffer.back();
        if let Some(store_elem) = store_elem {
            let (index, clocks) = global.active_thread_state(thread_mgr);
            store_elem.load_impl(index, &clocks, is_seqcst);
        }
    }

    fn buffered_read(
        &self,
        global: &DataRaceState,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_>,
        is_seqcst: bool,
        rng: &mut (impl rand::Rng + ?Sized),
        validate: impl FnOnce(Option<&VClock>) -> InterpResult<'tcx>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, (Option<Scalar>, LoadRecency)> {
        // Having a live borrow to store_buffer while calling validate_atomic_load is fine
        // because the race detector doesn't touch store_buffer

        let (store_elem, recency) = {
            // The `clocks` we got here must be dropped before calling validate_atomic_load
            // as the race detector will update it
            let (.., clocks) = global.active_thread_state(thread_mgr);
            // Load from a valid entry in the store buffer
            self.fetch_store(is_seqcst, &clocks, &mut *rng)
        };

        // Unlike in buffered_atomic_write, thread clock updates have to be done
        // after we've picked a store element from the store buffer, as presented
        // in ATOMIC LOAD rule of the paper. This is because fetch_store
        // requires access to ThreadClockSet.clock, which is updated by the race detector
        validate(Some(&store_elem.sync_clock))?;

        let (index, clocks) = global.active_thread_state(thread_mgr);
        let loaded = store_elem.load_impl(index, &clocks, is_seqcst);
        interp_ok((loaded, recency))
    }

    fn buffered_write(
        &mut self,
        val: Scalar,
        global: &DataRaceState,
        thread_mgr: &ThreadManager<'_>,
        is_seqcst: bool,
        sync_clock: VClock,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let (index, clocks) = global.active_thread_state(thread_mgr);

        self.store_impl(val, index, &clocks.clock, is_seqcst, sync_clock);
        interp_ok(())
    }

    /// Selects a valid store element in the buffer.
    fn fetch_store<R: rand::Rng + ?Sized>(
        &self,
        is_seqcst: bool,
        clocks: &ThreadClockSet,
        rng: &mut R,
    ) -> (&StoreElement, LoadRecency) {
        use rand::seq::IteratorRandom;
        let mut found_sc = false;
        // FIXME: we want an inclusive take_while (stops after a false predicate, but
        // includes the element that gave the false), but such function doesn't yet
        // exist in the standard library https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/62208
        // so we have to hack around it with keep_searching
        let mut keep_searching = true;
        let candidates = self
            .buffer
            .iter()
            .rev()
            .take_while(move |&store_elem| {
                if !keep_searching {
                    return false;
                }

                keep_searching = if store_elem.store_timestamp
                    <= clocks.clock[store_elem.store_thread]
                {
                    // CoWR: if a store happens-before the current load,
                    // then we can't read-from anything earlier in modification order.
                    // C++20 §6.9.2.2 [intro.races] paragraph 18
                    false
                } else if store_elem.load_info.borrow().timestamps.iter().any(
                    |(&load_index, &load_timestamp)| load_timestamp <= clocks.clock[load_index],
                ) {
                    // CoRR: if there was a load from this store which happened-before the current load,
                    // then we cannot read-from anything earlier in modification order.
                    // C++20 §6.9.2.2 [intro.races] paragraph 16
                    false
                } else if store_elem.store_timestamp <= clocks.write_seqcst[store_elem.store_thread]
                    && store_elem.is_seqcst
                {
                    // The current non-SC load, which may be sequenced-after an SC fence,
                    // cannot read-before the last SC store executed before the fence.
                    // C++17 §32.4 [atomics.order] paragraph 4
                    false
                } else if is_seqcst
                    && store_elem.store_timestamp <= clocks.read_seqcst[store_elem.store_thread]
                {
                    // The current SC load cannot read-from any but the last store sequenced-before
                    // the last SC fence.
                    // C++17 §32.4 [atomics.order] paragraph 5
                    false
                } else if is_seqcst && store_elem.load_info.borrow().sc_loaded {
                    // The current SC load cannot read-before a store that an earlier SC load has observed.
                    // See https://github.com/rust-lang/miri/issues/2301#issuecomment-1222720427.
                    // Consequences of C++20 §31.4 [atomics.order] paragraph 3.1, 3.3 (coherence-ordered before)
                    // and 4.1 (coherence-ordered before between SC makes global total order S).
                    false
                } else {
                    true
                };

                true
            })
            .filter(|&store_elem| {
                if is_seqcst && store_elem.is_seqcst {
                    // An SC load needs to ignore all but last store marked SC (stores not marked SC are not
                    // affected)
                    let include = !found_sc;
                    found_sc = true;
                    include
                } else {
                    true
                }
            });

        let chosen = candidates.choose(rng).expect("store buffer cannot be empty");
        if std::ptr::eq(chosen, self.buffer.back().expect("store buffer cannot be empty")) {
            (chosen, LoadRecency::Latest)
        } else {
            (chosen, LoadRecency::Outdated)
        }
    }

    /// ATOMIC STORE IMPL in the paper
    fn store_impl(
        &mut self,
        val: Scalar,
        index: VectorIdx,
        thread_clock: &VClock,
        is_seqcst: bool,
        sync_clock: VClock,
    ) {
        let store_elem = StoreElement {
            store_thread: index,
            store_timestamp: thread_clock[index],
            sync_clock,
            // In the language provided in the paper, an atomic store takes the value from a
            // non-atomic memory location.
            // But we already have the immediate value here so we don't need to do the memory
            // access.
            val: Some(val),
            is_seqcst,
            load_info: RefCell::new(LoadInfo::default()),
        };
        if self.buffer.len() >= STORE_BUFFER_LIMIT {
            self.buffer.pop_front();
        }
        self.buffer.push_back(store_elem);
        if is_seqcst {
            // Every store that happens-before or is coherence-ordered before the ongoing SC store
            // needs to be marked as SC, so that in a later SC load, only the latest SC-marked store
            // or unmarked stores can be picked.
            self.buffer.iter_mut().rev().for_each(|elem| {
                if elem.store_timestamp <= thread_clock[elem.store_thread] {
                    // This store happens-before the ongoing SC store.
                    elem.is_seqcst = true;
                } else if elem
                    .load_info
                    .borrow()
                    .timestamps
                    .iter()
                    .any(|(&idx, &load_ts)| load_ts <= thread_clock[idx])
                {
                    // This store has a load which happens before the ongoing store.
                    // This store must precede the onging store in modification order,
                    // and is therefore coherence-ordered before the ongoing SC store.
                    elem.is_seqcst = true;
                }
            })
        }
    }
}

impl StoreElement {
    /// ATOMIC LOAD IMPL in the paper
    /// Unlike the operational semantics in the paper, we don't need to keep track
    /// of the thread timestamp for every single load. Keeping track of the first (smallest)
    /// timestamp of each thread that has loaded from a store is sufficient: if the earliest
    /// load of another thread happens before the current one, then we must stop searching the store
    /// buffer regardless of subsequent loads by the same thread; if the earliest load of another
    /// thread doesn't happen before the current one, then no subsequent load by the other thread
    /// can happen before the current one.
    fn load_impl(
        &self,
        index: VectorIdx,
        clocks: &ThreadClockSet,
        is_seqcst: bool,
    ) -> Option<Scalar> {
        let mut load_info = self.load_info.borrow_mut();
        load_info.sc_loaded |= is_seqcst;
        let _ = load_info.timestamps.try_insert(index, clocks.clock[index]);
        self.val
    }
}

impl<'tcx> EvalContextExt<'tcx> for crate::MiriInterpCx<'tcx> {}
pub(super) trait EvalContextExt<'tcx>: crate::MiriInterpCxExt<'tcx> {
    fn buffered_atomic_rmw(
        &mut self,
        new_val: Scalar,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx>,
        atomic: AtomicRwOrd,
        init: Scalar,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        let (alloc_id, base_offset, ..) = this.ptr_get_alloc_id(place.ptr(), 0)?;
        if let (
            crate::AllocExtra {
                data_race: AllocDataRaceHandler::Vclocks(data_race_clocks, Some(alloc_buffers)),
                ..
            },
            crate::MiriMachine {
                data_race: GlobalDataRaceHandler::Vclocks(global), threads, ..
            },
        ) = this.get_alloc_extra_mut(alloc_id)?
        {
            if atomic == AtomicRwOrd::SeqCst {
                global.sc_read(threads);
                global.sc_write(threads);
            }
            let range = alloc_range(base_offset, place.layout.size);
            let sync_clock = data_race_clocks.sync_clock(range);
            let buffer = alloc_buffers.get_or_create_store_buffer_mut(range, Ok(Some(init)))?;
            // The RMW always reads from the most recent store.
            buffer.read_from_last_store(global, threads, atomic == AtomicRwOrd::SeqCst);
            buffer.buffered_write(
                new_val,
                global,
                threads,
                atomic == AtomicRwOrd::SeqCst,
                sync_clock,
            )?;
        }
        interp_ok(())
    }

    /// The argument to `validate` is the synchronization clock of the memory that is being read,
    /// if we are reading from a store buffer element.
    fn buffered_atomic_read(
        &self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx>,
        atomic: AtomicReadOrd,
        latest_in_mo: Scalar,
        validate: impl FnOnce(Option<&VClock>) -> InterpResult<'tcx>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, Option<Scalar>> {
        let this = self.eval_context_ref();
        'fallback: {
            if let Some(global) = this.machine.data_race.as_vclocks_ref() {
                let (alloc_id, base_offset, ..) = this.ptr_get_alloc_id(place.ptr(), 0)?;
                if let Some(alloc_buffers) =
                    this.get_alloc_extra(alloc_id)?.data_race.as_weak_memory_ref()
                {
                    if atomic == AtomicReadOrd::SeqCst {
                        global.sc_read(&this.machine.threads);
                    }
                    let mut rng = this.machine.rng.borrow_mut();
                    let Some(buffer) = alloc_buffers
                        .get_store_buffer(alloc_range(base_offset, place.layout.size))?
                    else {
                        // No old writes available, fall back to base case.
                        break 'fallback;
                    };
                    let (loaded, recency) = buffer.buffered_read(
                        global,
                        &this.machine.threads,
                        atomic == AtomicReadOrd::SeqCst,
                        &mut *rng,
                        validate,
                    )?;
                    if global.track_outdated_loads && recency == LoadRecency::Outdated {
                        this.emit_diagnostic(NonHaltingDiagnostic::WeakMemoryOutdatedLoad {
                            ptr: place.ptr(),
                        });
                    }

                    return interp_ok(loaded);
                }
            }
        }

        // Race detector or weak memory disabled, simply read the latest value
        validate(None)?;
        interp_ok(Some(latest_in_mo))
    }

    /// Add the given write to the store buffer. (Does not change machine memory.)
    ///
    /// `init` says with which value to initialize the store buffer in case there wasn't a store
    /// buffer for this memory range before. `Err(())` means the value is not available;
    /// `Ok(None)` means the memory does not contain a valid scalar.
    ///
    /// Must be called *after* `validate_atomic_store` to ensure that `sync_clock` is up-to-date.
    fn buffered_atomic_write(
        &mut self,
        val: Scalar,
        dest: &MPlaceTy<'tcx>,
        atomic: AtomicWriteOrd,
        init: Result<Option<Scalar>, ()>,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let this = self.eval_context_mut();
        let (alloc_id, base_offset, ..) = this.ptr_get_alloc_id(dest.ptr(), 0)?;
        if let (
            crate::AllocExtra {
                data_race: AllocDataRaceHandler::Vclocks(data_race_clocks, Some(alloc_buffers)),
                ..
            },
            crate::MiriMachine {
                data_race: GlobalDataRaceHandler::Vclocks(global), threads, ..
            },
        ) = this.get_alloc_extra_mut(alloc_id)?
        {
            if atomic == AtomicWriteOrd::SeqCst {
                global.sc_write(threads);
            }

            let range = alloc_range(base_offset, dest.layout.size);
            // It's a bit annoying that we have to go back to the data race part to get the clock...
            // but it does make things a lot simpler.
            let sync_clock = data_race_clocks.sync_clock(range);
            let buffer = alloc_buffers.get_or_create_store_buffer_mut(range, init)?;
            buffer.buffered_write(
                val,
                global,
                threads,
                atomic == AtomicWriteOrd::SeqCst,
                sync_clock,
            )?;
        }

        // Caller should've written to dest with the vanilla scalar write, we do nothing here
        interp_ok(())
    }

    /// Caller should never need to consult the store buffer for the latest value.
    /// This function is used exclusively for failed atomic_compare_exchange_scalar
    /// to perform load_impl on the latest store element
    fn perform_read_on_buffered_latest(
        &self,
        place: &MPlaceTy<'tcx>,
        atomic: AtomicReadOrd,
    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
        let this = self.eval_context_ref();

        if let Some(global) = this.machine.data_race.as_vclocks_ref() {
            if atomic == AtomicReadOrd::SeqCst {
                global.sc_read(&this.machine.threads);
            }
            let size = place.layout.size;
            let (alloc_id, base_offset, ..) = this.ptr_get_alloc_id(place.ptr(), 0)?;
            if let Some(alloc_buffers) =
                this.get_alloc_extra(alloc_id)?.data_race.as_weak_memory_ref()
            {
                let Some(buffer) =
                    alloc_buffers.get_store_buffer(alloc_range(base_offset, size))?
                else {
                    // No store buffer, nothing to do.
                    return interp_ok(());
                };
                buffer.read_from_last_store(
                    global,
                    &this.machine.threads,
                    atomic == AtomicReadOrd::SeqCst,
                );
            }
        }
        interp_ok(())
    }
}