# C Interface

`Base.@ccall` — Macro

    @ccall library.function_name(argvalue1::argtype1, ...)::returntype
    @ccall function_name(argvalue1::argtype1, ...)::returntype
    @ccall $function_pointer(argvalue1::argtype1, ...)::returntype

Call a function in a C-exported shared library, specified by `library.function_name`, where `library` is a string constant or literal. The library may be omitted, in which case the `function_name` is resolved in the current process. Alternatively, `@ccall` may also be used to call a function pointer `$function_pointer`, such as one returned by `dlsym`.

Each `argvalue` to `@ccall` is converted to the corresponding `argtype`, by automatic insertion of calls to `unsafe_convert(argtype, cconvert(argtype, argvalue))`. (See also the documentation for `unsafe_convert` and `cconvert` for further details.) In most cases, this simply results in a call to `convert(argtype, argvalue)`.

Examples

    @ccall strlen(s::Cstring)::Csize_t

This calls the C standard library function:

    size_t strlen(char *)

with a Julia variable named `s`. See also `ccall`.

Varargs are supported with the following convention:

    @ccall printf("%s = %d"::Cstring ; "foo"::Cstring, foo::Cint)::Cint

The semicolon is used to separate required arguments (of which there must be at least one) from variadic arguments.

Example using an external library:

    # C signature of g_uri_escape_string:
    # char *g_uri_escape_string(const char *unescaped, const char *reserved_chars_allowed, gboolean allow_utf8);

    const glib = "libglib-2.0"
    @ccall glib.g_uri_escape_string(my_uri::Cstring, ":/"::Cstring, true::Cint)::Cstring

The string literal could also be used directly before the function name, if desired `"libglib-2.0".g_uri_escape_string(...`

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`ccall` — Keyword

    ccall((function_name, library), returntype, (argtype1, ...), argvalue1, ...)
    ccall(function_name, returntype, (argtype1, ...), argvalue1, ...)
    ccall(function_pointer, returntype, (argtype1, ...), argvalue1, ...)

Call a function in a C-exported shared library, specified by the tuple `(function_name, library)`, where each component is either a string or symbol. Instead of specifying a library, one can also use a `function_name` symbol or string, which is resolved in the current process. Alternatively, `ccall` may also be used to call a function pointer `function_pointer`, such as one returned by `dlsym`.

Note that the argument type tuple must be a literal tuple, and not a tuple-valued variable or expression.

Each `argvalue` to the `ccall` will be converted to the corresponding `argtype`, by automatic insertion of calls to `unsafe_convert(argtype, cconvert(argtype, argvalue))`. (See also the documentation for `unsafe_convert` and `cconvert` for further details.) In most cases, this simply results in a call to `convert(argtype, argvalue)`.

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`Core.Intrinsics.cglobal` — Function

    cglobal((symbol, library) [, type=Cvoid])

Obtain a pointer to a global variable in a C-exported shared library, specified exactly as in `ccall`. Returns a `Ptr{Type}`, defaulting to `Ptr{Cvoid}` if no `Type` argument is supplied. The values can be read or written by `unsafe_load` or `unsafe_store!`, respectively.

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`Base.@cfunction` — Macro

    @cfunction(callable, ReturnType, (ArgumentTypes...,)) -> Ptr{Cvoid}
    @cfunction($callable, ReturnType, (ArgumentTypes...,)) -> CFunction

Generate a C-callable function pointer from the Julia function `callable` for the given type signature. To pass the return value to a `ccall`, use the argument type `Ptr{Cvoid}` in the signature.

Note that the argument type tuple must be a literal tuple, and not a tuple-valued variable or expression (although it can include a splat expression). And that these arguments will be evaluated in global scope during compile-time (not deferred until runtime). Adding a '$' in front of the function argument changes this to instead create a runtime closure over the local variable `callable` (this is not supported on all architectures).

See manual section on ccall and cfunction usage.

Examples

    julia> function foo(x::Int, y::Int)
               return x + y
           end

    julia> @cfunction(foo, Int, (Int, Int))
    Ptr{Cvoid} @0x000000001b82fcd0

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`Base.CFunction` — Type

    CFunction struct

Garbage-collection handle for the return value from `@cfunction` when the first argument is annotated with '$'. Like all `cfunction` handles, it should be passed to `ccall` as a `Ptr{Cvoid}`, and will be converted automatically at the call site to the appropriate type.

See `@cfunction`.

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`Base.unsafe_convert` — Function

    unsafe_convert(T, x)

Convert `x` to a C argument of type `T` where the input `x` must be the return value of `cconvert(T, ...)`.

In cases where `convert` would need to take a Julia object and turn it into a `Ptr`, this function should be used to define and perform that conversion.

Be careful to ensure that a Julia reference to `x` exists as long as the result of this function will be used. Accordingly, the argument `x` to this function should never be an expression, only a variable name or field reference. For example, `x=a.b.c` is acceptable, but `x=[a,b,c]` is not.

The `unsafe` prefix on this function indicates that using the result of this function after the `x` argument to this function is no longer accessible to the program may cause undefined behavior, including program corruption or segfaults, at any later time.

See also `cconvert`

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`Base.cconvert` — Function

    cconvert(T,x)

Convert `x` to a value to be passed to C code as type `T`, typically by calling `convert(T, x)`.

In cases where `x` cannot be safely converted to `T`, unlike `convert`, `cconvert` may return an object of a type different from `T`, which however is suitable for `unsafe_convert` to handle. The result of this function should be kept valid (for the GC) until the result of `unsafe_convert` is not needed anymore. This can be used to allocate memory that will be accessed by the `ccall`. If multiple objects need to be allocated, a tuple of the objects can be used as return value.

Neither `convert` nor `cconvert` should take a Julia object and turn it into a `Ptr`.

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`Base.unsafe_load` — Function

    unsafe_load(p::Ptr{T}, i::Integer=1)

Load a value of type `T` from the address of the `i`th element (1-indexed) starting at `p`. This is equivalent to the C expression `p[i-1]`.

The `unsafe` prefix on this function indicates that no validation is performed on the pointer `p` to ensure that it is valid. Incorrect usage may segfault your program or return garbage answers, in the same manner as C.

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`Base.unsafe_store!` — Function

    unsafe_store!(p::Ptr{T}, x, i::Integer=1)

Store a value of type `T` to the address of the `i`th element (1-indexed) starting at `p`. This is equivalent to the C expression `p[i-1] = x`.

The `unsafe` prefix on this function indicates that no validation is performed on the pointer `p` to ensure that it is valid. Incorrect usage may corrupt or segfault your program, in the same manner as C.

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`Base.unsafe_copyto!` — Method

    unsafe_copyto!(dest::Ptr{T}, src::Ptr{T}, N)

Copy `N` elements from a source pointer to a destination, with no checking. The size of an element is determined by the type of the pointers.

The `unsafe` prefix on this function indicates that no validation is performed on the pointers `dest` and `src` to ensure that they are valid. Incorrect usage may corrupt or segfault your program, in the same manner as C.

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`Base.unsafe_copyto!` — Method

    unsafe_copyto!(dest::Array, do, src::Array, so, N)

Copy `N` elements from a source array to a destination, starting at offset `so` in the source and `do` in the destination (1-indexed).

The `unsafe` prefix on this function indicates that no validation is performed to ensure that N is inbounds on either array. Incorrect usage may corrupt or segfault your program, in the same manner as C.

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`Base.copyto!` — Function

    copyto!(dest::AbstractMatrix, src::UniformScaling)

Copies a `UniformScaling` onto a matrix.

Julia 1.1

In Julia 1.0 this method only supported a square destination matrix. Julia 1.1. added support for a rectangular matrix.

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    copyto!(dest, do, src, so, N)

Copy `N` elements from collection `src` starting at offset `so`, to array `dest` starting at offset `do`. Return `dest`.

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    copyto!(dest::AbstractArray, src) -> dest

Copy all elements from collection `src` to array `dest`, whose length must be greater than or equal to the length `n` of `src`. The first `n` elements of `dest` are overwritten, the other elements are left untouched.

Examples

    julia> x = [1., 0., 3., 0., 5.];

    julia> y = zeros(7);

    julia> copyto!(y, x);

    julia> y
    7-element Vector{Float64}:
     1.0
     0.0
     3.0
     0.0
     5.0
     0.0
     0.0

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    copyto!(dest, Rdest::CartesianIndices, src, Rsrc::CartesianIndices) -> dest

Copy the block of `src` in the range of `Rsrc` to the block of `dest` in the range of `Rdest`. The sizes of the two regions must match.

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`Base.pointer` — Function

    pointer(array [, index])

Get the native address of an array or string, optionally at a given location `index`.

This function is "unsafe". Be careful to ensure that a Julia reference to `array` exists as long as this pointer will be used. The `GC.@preserve` macro should be used to protect the `array` argument from garbage collection within a given block of code.

Calling `Ref(array[, index])` is generally preferable to this function as it guarantees validity.

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`Base.unsafe_wrap` — Method

    unsafe_wrap(Array, pointer::Ptr{T}, dims; own = false)

Wrap a Julia `Array` object around the data at the address given by `pointer`, without making a copy. The pointer element type `T` determines the array element type. `dims` is either an integer (for a 1d array) or a tuple of the array dimensions. `own` optionally specifies whether Julia should take ownership of the memory, calling `free` on the pointer when the array is no longer referenced.

This function is labeled "unsafe" because it will crash if `pointer` is not a valid memory address to data of the requested length.

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`Base.pointer_from_objref` — Function

    pointer_from_objref(x)

Get the memory address of a Julia object as a `Ptr`. The existence of the resulting `Ptr` will not protect the object from garbage collection, so you must ensure that the object remains referenced for the whole time that the `Ptr` will be used.

This function may not be called on immutable objects, since they do not have stable memory addresses.

See also: `unsafe_pointer_to_objref`.

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`Base.unsafe_pointer_to_objref` — Function

    unsafe_pointer_to_objref(p::Ptr)

Convert a `Ptr` to an object reference. Assumes the pointer refers to a valid heap-allocated Julia object. If this is not the case, undefined behavior results, hence this function is considered "unsafe" and should be used with care.

See also: `pointer_from_objref`.

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`Base.disable_sigint` — Function

    disable_sigint(f::Function)

Disable Ctrl-C handler during execution of a function on the current task, for calling external code that may call julia code that is not interrupt safe. Intended to be called using `do` block syntax as follows:

    disable_sigint() do
        # interrupt-unsafe code
        ...
    end

This is not needed on worker threads (`Threads.threadid() != 1`) since the `InterruptException` will only be delivered to the master thread. External functions that do not call julia code or julia runtime automatically disable sigint during their execution.

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`Base.reenable_sigint` — Function

    reenable_sigint(f::Function)

Re-enable Ctrl-C handler during execution of a function. Temporarily reverses the effect of `disable_sigint`.

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`Base.exit_on_sigint` — Function

    exit_on_sigint(on::Bool)

Set `exit_on_sigint` flag of the julia runtime. If `false`, Ctrl-C (SIGINT) is capturable as `InterruptException` in `try` block. This is the default behavior in REPL, any code run via `-e` and `-E` and in Julia script run with `-i` option.

If `true`, `InterruptException` is not thrown by Ctrl-C. Running code upon such event requires `atexit`. This is the default behavior in Julia script run without `-i` option.

Julia 1.5

Function `exit_on_sigint` requires at least Julia 1.5.

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`Base.systemerror` — Function

    systemerror(sysfunc[, errno::Cint=Libc.errno()])
    systemerror(sysfunc, iftrue::Bool)

Raises a `SystemError` for `errno` with the descriptive string `sysfunc` if `iftrue` is `true`

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`Base.windowserror` — Function

    windowserror(sysfunc[, code::UInt32=Libc.GetLastError()])
    windowserror(sysfunc, iftrue::Bool)

Like `systemerror`, but for Windows API functions that use `GetLastError` to return an error code instead of setting `errno`.

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`Core.Ptr` — Type

    Ptr{T}

A memory address referring to data of type `T`. However, there is no guarantee that the memory is actually valid, or that it actually represents data of the specified type.

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`Core.Ref` — Type

    Ref{T}

An object that safely references data of type `T`. This type is guaranteed to point to valid, Julia-allocated memory of the correct type. The underlying data is protected from freeing by the garbage collector as long as the `Ref` itself is referenced.

In Julia, `Ref` objects are dereferenced (loaded or stored) with `[]`.

Creation of a `Ref` to a value `x` of type `T` is usually written `Ref(x)`. Additionally, for creating interior pointers to containers (such as Array or Ptr), it can be written `Ref(a, i)` for creating a reference to the `i`-th element of `a`.

`Ref{T}()` creates a reference to a value of type `T` without initialization. For a bitstype `T`, the value will be whatever currently resides in the memory allocated. For a non-bitstype `T`, the reference will be undefined and attempting to dereference it will result in an error, "UndefRefError: access to undefined reference".

To check if a `Ref` is an undefined reference, use `isassigned(ref::RefValue)`. For example, `isassigned(Ref{T}())` is `false` if `T` is not a bitstype. If `T` is a bitstype, `isassigned(Ref{T}())` will always be true.

When passed as a `ccall` argument (either as a `Ptr` or `Ref` type), a `Ref` object will be converted to a native pointer to the data it references. For most `T`, or when converted to a `Ptr{Cvoid}`, this is a pointer to the object data. When `T` is an `isbits` type, this value may be safely mutated, otherwise mutation is strictly undefined behavior.

As a special case, setting `T = Any` will instead cause the creation of a pointer to the reference itself when converted to a `Ptr{Any}` (a `jl_value_t const* const*` if T is immutable, else a `jl_value_t *const *`). When converted to a `Ptr{Cvoid}`, it will still return a pointer to the data region as for any other `T`.

A `C_NULL` instance of `Ptr` can be passed to a `ccall` `Ref` argument to initialize it.

Use in broadcasting

`Ref` is sometimes used in broadcasting in order to treat the referenced values as a scalar.

Examples

    julia> Ref(5)
    Base.RefValue{Int64}(5)

    julia> isa.(Ref([1,2,3]), [Array, Dict, Int]) # Treat reference values as scalar during broadcasting
    3-element BitVector:
     1
     0
     0

    julia> Ref{Function}()  # Undefined reference to a non-bitstype, Function
    Base.RefValue{Function}(#undef)

    julia> try
               Ref{Function}()[] # Dereferencing an undefined reference will result in an error
           catch e
               println(e)
           end
    UndefRefError()

    julia> Ref{Int64}()[]; # A reference to a bitstype refers to an undetermined value if not given

    julia> isassigned(Ref{Int64}()) # A reference to a bitstype is always assigned
    true

    julia> Ref{Int64}(0)[] == 0 # Explicitly give a value for a bitstype reference
    true

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`Base.isassigned` — Method

    isassigned(ref::RefValue) -> Bool

Test whether the given `Ref` is associated with a value. This is always true for a `Ref` of a bitstype object. Return `false` if the reference is undefined.

Examples

    julia> ref = Ref{Function}()
    Base.RefValue{Function}(#undef)

    julia> isassigned(ref)
    false

    julia> ref[] = (foobar(x) = x)
    foobar (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> isassigned(ref)
    true

    julia> isassigned(Ref{Int}())
    true

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`Base.Cchar` — Type

    Cchar

Equivalent to the native `char` c-type.

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`Base.Cuchar` — Type

    Cuchar

Equivalent to the native `unsigned char` c-type (`UInt8`).

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`Base.Cshort` — Type

    Cshort

Equivalent to the native `signed short` c-type (`Int16`).

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`Base.Cstring` — Type

    Cstring

A C-style string composed of the native character type `Cchar`s. `Cstring`s are NUL-terminated. For C-style strings composed of the native wide character type, see `Cwstring`. For more information about string interopability with C, see the manual.

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`Base.Cushort` — Type

    Cushort

Equivalent to the native `unsigned short` c-type (`UInt16`).

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`Base.Cint` — Type

    Cint

Equivalent to the native `signed int` c-type (`Int32`).

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`Base.Cuint` — Type

    Cuint

Equivalent to the native `unsigned int` c-type (`UInt32`).

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`Base.Clong` — Type

    Clong

Equivalent to the native `signed long` c-type.

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`Base.Culong` — Type

    Culong

Equivalent to the native `unsigned long` c-type.

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`Base.Clonglong` — Type

    Clonglong

Equivalent to the native `signed long long` c-type (`Int64`).

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`Base.Culonglong` — Type

    Culonglong

Equivalent to the native `unsigned long long` c-type (`UInt64`).

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`Base.Cintmax_t` — Type

    Cintmax_t

Equivalent to the native `intmax_t` c-type (`Int64`).

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`Base.Cuintmax_t` — Type

    Cuintmax_t

Equivalent to the native `uintmax_t` c-type (`UInt64`).

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`Base.Csize_t` — Type

    Csize_t

Equivalent to the native `size_t` c-type (`UInt`).

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`Base.Cssize_t` — Type

    Cssize_t

Equivalent to the native `ssize_t` c-type.

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`Base.Cptrdiff_t` — Type

    Cptrdiff_t

Equivalent to the native `ptrdiff_t` c-type (`Int`).

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`Base.Cwchar_t` — Type

    Cwchar_t

Equivalent to the native `wchar_t` c-type (`Int32`).

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`Base.Cwstring` — Type

    Cwstring

A C-style string composed of the native wide character type `Cwchar_t`s. `Cwstring`s are NUL-terminated. For C-style strings composed of the native character type, see `Cstring`. For more information about string interopability with C, see the manual.

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`Base.Cfloat` — Type

    Cfloat

Equivalent to the native `float` c-type (`Float32`).

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`Base.Cdouble` — Type

    Cdouble

Equivalent to the native `double` c-type (`Float64`).

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# LLVM Interface

`Core.Intrinsics.llvmcall` — Function

    llvmcall(fun_ir::String, returntype, Tuple{argtype1, ...}, argvalue1, ...)
    llvmcall((mod_ir::String, entry_fn::String), returntype, Tuple{argtype1, ...}, argvalue1, ...)
    llvmcall((mod_bc::Vector{UInt8}, entry_fn::String), returntype, Tuple{argtype1, ...}, argvalue1, ...)

Call the LLVM code provided in the first argument. There are several ways to specify this first argument:

- as a literal string, representing function-level IR (similar to an LLVM `define` block), with arguments are available as consecutive unnamed SSA variables (%0, %1, etc.);
- as a 2-element tuple, containing a string of module IR and a string representing the name of the entry-point function to call;
- as a 2-element tuple, but with the module provided as an `Vector{UINt8}` with bitcode.

Note that contrary to `ccall`, the argument types must be specified as a tuple type, and not a tuple of types. All types, as well as the LLVM code, should be specified as literals, and not as variables or expressions (it may be necessary to use `@eval` to generate these literals).

See `test/llvmcall.jl` for usage examples.

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Theme

This document was generated with Documenter.jl on Saturday 6 February 2021. Using Julia version 1.6.0-rc1.