# Multi-Threading

This experimental interface supports Julia's multi-threading capabilities. Types and functions described here might (and likely will) change in the future.

`Base.Threads.threadid` — Function

    Threads.threadid()

Get the ID number of the current thread of execution. The master thread has ID `1`.

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`Base.Threads.nthreads` — Function

    Threads.nthreads()

Get the number of threads available to the Julia process. This is the inclusive upper bound on `threadid()`.

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`Base.Threads.@threads` — Macro

    Threads.@threads

A macro to parallelize a for-loop to run with multiple threads. This spawns `nthreads()` number of threads, splits the iteration space amongst them, and iterates in parallel. A barrier is placed at the end of the loop which waits for all the threads to finish execution, and the loop returns.

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`Base.Threads.@spawn` — Macro

    Threads.@spawn expr

Create and run a `Task` on any available thread. To wait for the task to finish, call `wait` on the result of this macro, or call `fetch` to wait and then obtain its return value.

Values can be interpolated into `@spawn` via `$`, which copies the value directly into the constructed underlying closure. This allows you to insert the value of a variable, isolating the aysnchronous code from changes to the variable's value in the current task.

Note

This feature is currently considered experimental.

Julia 1.3

This macro is available as of Julia 1.3.

Julia 1.4

Interpolating values via `$` is available as of Julia 1.4.

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`Base.Threads.Atomic` — Type

    Threads.Atomic{T}

Holds a reference to an object of type `T`, ensuring that it is only accessed atomically, i.e. in a thread-safe manner.

Only certain "simple" types can be used atomically, namely the primitive boolean, integer, and float-point types. These are `Bool`, `Int8`...`Int128`, `UInt8`...`UInt128`, and `Float16`...`Float64`.

New atomic objects can be created from a non-atomic values; if none is specified, the atomic object is initialized with zero.

Atomic objects can be accessed using the `[]` notation:

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(3)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(3)

    julia> x[] = 1
    1

    julia> x[]
    1

Atomic operations use an `atomic_` prefix, such as `atomic_add!`, `atomic_xchg!`, etc.

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`Base.Threads.atomic_cas!` — Function

    Threads.atomic_cas!(x::Atomic{T}, cmp::T, newval::T) where T

Atomically compare-and-set `x`

Atomically compares the value in `x` with `cmp`. If equal, write `newval` to `x`. Otherwise, leaves `x` unmodified. Returns the old value in `x`. By comparing the returned value to `cmp` (via `===`) one knows whether `x` was modified and now holds the new value `newval`.

For further details, see LLVM's `cmpxchg` instruction.

This function can be used to implement transactional semantics. Before the transaction, one records the value in `x`. After the transaction, the new value is stored only if `x` has not been modified in the mean time.

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(3)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(3)

    julia> Threads.atomic_cas!(x, 4, 2);

    julia> x
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(3)

    julia> Threads.atomic_cas!(x, 3, 2);

    julia> x
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(2)

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`Base.Threads.atomic_xchg!` — Function

    Threads.atomic_xchg!(x::Atomic{T}, newval::T) where T

Atomically exchange the value in `x`

Atomically exchanges the value in `x` with `newval`. Returns the old value.

For further details, see LLVM's `atomicrmw xchg` instruction.

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(3)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(3)

    julia> Threads.atomic_xchg!(x, 2)
    3

    julia> x[]
    2

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`Base.Threads.atomic_add!` — Function

    Threads.atomic_add!(x::Atomic{T}, val::T) where T <: ArithmeticTypes

Atomically add `val` to `x`

Performs `x[] += val` atomically. Returns the old value. Not defined for `Atomic{Bool}`.

For further details, see LLVM's `atomicrmw add` instruction.

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(3)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(3)

    julia> Threads.atomic_add!(x, 2)
    3

    julia> x[]
    5

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`Base.Threads.atomic_sub!` — Function

    Threads.atomic_sub!(x::Atomic{T}, val::T) where T <: ArithmeticTypes

Atomically subtract `val` from `x`

Performs `x[] -= val` atomically. Returns the old value. Not defined for `Atomic{Bool}`.

For further details, see LLVM's `atomicrmw sub` instruction.

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(3)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(3)

    julia> Threads.atomic_sub!(x, 2)
    3

    julia> x[]
    1

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`Base.Threads.atomic_and!` — Function

    Threads.atomic_and!(x::Atomic{T}, val::T) where T

Atomically bitwise-and `x` with `val`

Performs `x[] &= val` atomically. Returns the old value.

For further details, see LLVM's `atomicrmw and` instruction.

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(3)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(3)

    julia> Threads.atomic_and!(x, 2)
    3

    julia> x[]
    2

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`Base.Threads.atomic_nand!` — Function

    Threads.atomic_nand!(x::Atomic{T}, val::T) where T

Atomically bitwise-nand (not-and) `x` with `val`

Performs `x[] = ~(x[] & val)` atomically. Returns the old value.

For further details, see LLVM's `atomicrmw nand` instruction.

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(3)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(3)

    julia> Threads.atomic_nand!(x, 2)
    3

    julia> x[]
    -3

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`Base.Threads.atomic_or!` — Function

    Threads.atomic_or!(x::Atomic{T}, val::T) where T

Atomically bitwise-or `x` with `val`

Performs `x[] |= val` atomically. Returns the old value.

For further details, see LLVM's `atomicrmw or` instruction.

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(5)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(5)

    julia> Threads.atomic_or!(x, 7)
    5

    julia> x[]
    7

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`Base.Threads.atomic_xor!` — Function

    Threads.atomic_xor!(x::Atomic{T}, val::T) where T

Atomically bitwise-xor (exclusive-or) `x` with `val`

Performs `x[] $= val` atomically. Returns the old value.

For further details, see LLVM's `atomicrmw xor` instruction.

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(5)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(5)

    julia> Threads.atomic_xor!(x, 7)
    5

    julia> x[]
    2

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`Base.Threads.atomic_max!` — Function

    Threads.atomic_max!(x::Atomic{T}, val::T) where T

Atomically store the maximum of `x` and `val` in `x`

Performs `x[] = max(x[], val)` atomically. Returns the old value.

For further details, see LLVM's `atomicrmw max` instruction.

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(5)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(5)

    julia> Threads.atomic_max!(x, 7)
    5

    julia> x[]
    7

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`Base.Threads.atomic_min!` — Function

    Threads.atomic_min!(x::Atomic{T}, val::T) where T

Atomically store the minimum of `x` and `val` in `x`

Performs `x[] = min(x[], val)` atomically. Returns the old value.

For further details, see LLVM's `atomicrmw min` instruction.

Examples

    julia> x = Threads.Atomic{Int}(7)
    Base.Threads.Atomic{Int64}(7)

    julia> Threads.atomic_min!(x, 5)
    7

    julia> x[]
    5

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`Base.Threads.atomic_fence` — Function

    Threads.atomic_fence()

Insert a sequential-consistency memory fence

Inserts a memory fence with sequentially-consistent ordering semantics. There are algorithms where this is needed, i.e. where an acquire/release ordering is insufficient.

This is likely a very expensive operation. Given that all other atomic operations in Julia already have acquire/release semantics, explicit fences should not be necessary in most cases.

For further details, see LLVM's `fence` instruction.

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## ccall using a threadpool (Experimental)

`Base.@threadcall` — Macro

    @threadcall((cfunc, clib), rettype, (argtypes...), argvals...)

The `@threadcall` macro is called in the same way as `ccall` but does the work in a different thread. This is useful when you want to call a blocking C function without causing the main `julia` thread to become blocked. Concurrency is limited by size of the libuv thread pool, which defaults to 4 threads but can be increased by setting the `UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE` environment variable and restarting the `julia` process.

Note that the called function should never call back into Julia.

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# Low-level synchronization primitives

These building blocks are used to create the regular synchronization objects.

`Base.Threads.SpinLock` — Type

    SpinLock()

Create a non-reentrant, test-and-test-and-set spin lock. Recursive use will result in a deadlock. This kind of lock should only be used around code that takes little time to execute and does not block (e.g. perform I/O). In general, `ReentrantLock` should be used instead.

Each `lock` must be matched with an `unlock`.

Test-and-test-and-set spin locks are quickest up to about 30ish contending threads. If you have more contention than that, different synchronization approaches should be considered.

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Theme

This document was generated with Documenter.jl on Thursday 16 April 2020. Using Julia version 1.4.1.