# Stack Traces

The `StackTraces` module provides simple stack traces that are both human readable and easy to use programmatically.

## Viewing a stack trace

The primary function used to obtain a stack trace is `stacktrace`:

    6-element Array{Base.StackTraces.StackFrame,1}:
     top-level scope
     eval at boot.jl:317 [inlined]
     eval(::Module, ::Expr) at REPL.jl:5
     eval_user_input(::Any, ::REPL.REPLBackend) at REPL.jl:85
     macro expansion at REPL.jl:116 [inlined]
     (::getfield(REPL, Symbol("##28#29")){REPL.REPLBackend})() at event.jl:92

Calling `stacktrace()` returns a vector of `StackTraces.StackFrame` s. For ease of use, the alias `StackTraces.StackTrace` can be used in place of `Vector{StackFrame}`. (Examples with `[...]` indicate that output may vary depending on how the code is run.)

    julia> example() = stacktrace()
    example (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> example()
    7-element Array{Base.StackTraces.StackFrame,1}:
     example() at REPL[1]:1
     top-level scope
     eval at boot.jl:317 [inlined]
    [...]

    julia> @noinline child() = stacktrace()
    child (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> @noinline parent() = child()
    parent (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> grandparent() = parent()
    grandparent (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> grandparent()
    9-element Array{Base.StackTraces.StackFrame,1}:
     child() at REPL[3]:1
     parent() at REPL[4]:1
     grandparent() at REPL[5]:1
    [...]

Note that when calling `stacktrace()` you'll typically see a frame with `eval at boot.jl`. When calling `stacktrace()` from the REPL you'll also have a few extra frames in the stack from `REPL.jl`, usually looking something like this:

    julia> example() = stacktrace()
    example (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> example()
    7-element Array{Base.StackTraces.StackFrame,1}:
     example() at REPL[1]:1
     top-level scope
     eval at boot.jl:317 [inlined]
     eval(::Module, ::Expr) at REPL.jl:5
     eval_user_input(::Any, ::REPL.REPLBackend) at REPL.jl:85
     macro expansion at REPL.jl:116 [inlined]
     (::getfield(REPL, Symbol("##28#29")){REPL.REPLBackend})() at event.jl:92

## Extracting useful information

Each `StackTraces.StackFrame` contains the function name, file name, line number, lambda info, a flag indicating whether the frame has been inlined, a flag indicating whether it is a C function (by default C functions do not appear in the stack trace), and an integer representation of the pointer returned by `backtrace`:

    julia> frame = stacktrace()[3]
    eval(::Module, ::Expr) at REPL.jl:5

    julia> frame.func
    :eval

    julia> frame.file
    Symbol("~/julia/usr/share/julia/stdlib/v0.7/REPL/src/REPL.jl")

    julia> frame.line
    5

    julia> frame.linfo
    MethodInstance for eval(::Module, ::Expr)

    julia> frame.inlined
    false

    julia> frame.from_c
    false

    julia> frame.pointer
    0x00007f92d6293171

This makes stack trace information available programmatically for logging, error handling, and more.

## Error handling

While having easy access to information about the current state of the callstack can be helpful in many places, the most obvious application is in error handling and debugging.

    julia> @noinline bad_function() = undeclared_variable
    bad_function (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> @noinline example() = try
               bad_function()
           catch
               stacktrace()
           end
    example (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> example()
    7-element Array{Base.StackTraces.StackFrame,1}:
     example() at REPL[2]:4
     top-level scope
     eval at boot.jl:317 [inlined]
    [...]

You may notice that in the example above the first stack frame points at line 4, where `stacktrace` is called, rather than line 2, where bad_function is called, and `bad_function`'s frame is missing entirely. This is understandable, given that `stacktrace` is called from the context of the catch. While in this example it's fairly easy to find the actual source of the error, in complex cases tracking down the source of the error becomes nontrivial.

This can be remedied by passing the result of `catch_backtrace` to `stacktrace`. Instead of returning callstack information for the current context, `catch_backtrace` returns stack information for the context of the most recent exception:

    julia> @noinline bad_function() = undeclared_variable
    bad_function (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> @noinline example() = try
               bad_function()
           catch
               stacktrace(catch_backtrace())
           end
    example (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> example()
    8-element Array{Base.StackTraces.StackFrame,1}:
     bad_function() at REPL[1]:1
     example() at REPL[2]:2
    [...]

Notice that the stack trace now indicates the appropriate line number and the missing frame.

    julia> @noinline child() = error("Whoops!")
    child (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> @noinline parent() = child()
    parent (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> @noinline function grandparent()
               try
                   parent()
               catch err
                   println("ERROR: ", err.msg)
                   stacktrace(catch_backtrace())
               end
           end
    grandparent (generic function with 1 method)

    julia> grandparent()
    ERROR: Whoops!
    10-element Array{Base.StackTraces.StackFrame,1}:
     error at error.jl:33 [inlined]
     child() at REPL[1]:1
     parent() at REPL[2]:1
     grandparent() at REPL[3]:3
    [...]

## Exception stacks and `catch_stack`

Julia 1.1

Exception stacks requires at least Julia 1.1.

While handling an exception further exceptions may be thrown. It can be useful to inspect all these exceptions to identify the root cause of a problem. The julia runtime supports this by pushing each exception onto an internal exception stack as it occurs. When the code exits a `catch` normally, any exceptions which were pushed onto the stack in the associated `try` are considered to be successfully handled and are removed from the stack.

The stack of current exceptions can be accessed using the experimental `Base.catch_stack` function. For example,

    julia> try
               error("(A) The root cause")
           catch
               try
                   error("(B) An exception while handling the exception")
               catch
                   for (exc, bt) in Base.catch_stack()
                       showerror(stdout, exc, bt)
                       println()
                   end
               end
           end
    (A) The root cause
    Stacktrace:
     [1] error(::String) at error.jl:33
     [2] top-level scope at REPL[7]:2
     [3] eval(::Module, ::Any) at boot.jl:319
     [4] eval_user_input(::Any, ::REPL.REPLBackend) at REPL.jl:85
     [5] macro expansion at REPL.jl:117 [inlined]
     [6] (::getfield(REPL, Symbol("##26#27")){REPL.REPLBackend})() at task.jl:259
    (B) An exception while handling the exception
    Stacktrace:
     [1] error(::String) at error.jl:33
     [2] top-level scope at REPL[7]:5
     [3] eval(::Module, ::Any) at boot.jl:319
     [4] eval_user_input(::Any, ::REPL.REPLBackend) at REPL.jl:85
     [5] macro expansion at REPL.jl:117 [inlined]
     [6] (::getfield(REPL, Symbol("##26#27")){REPL.REPLBackend})() at task.jl:259

In this example the root cause exception (A) is first on the stack, with a further exception (B) following it. After exiting both catch blocks normally (i.e., without throwing a further exception) all exceptions are removed from the stack and are no longer accessible.

The exception stack is stored on the `Task` where the exceptions occurred. When a task fails with uncaught exceptions, `catch_stack(task)` may be used to inspect the exception stack for that task.

## Comparison with `backtrace`

A call to `backtrace` returns a vector of `Union{Ptr{Nothing}, Base.InterpreterIP}`, which may then be passed into `stacktrace` for translation:

    julia> trace = backtrace()
    18-element Array{Union{Ptr{Nothing}, Base.InterpreterIP},1}:
     Ptr{Nothing} @0x00007fd8734c6209
     Ptr{Nothing} @0x00007fd87362b342
     Ptr{Nothing} @0x00007fd87362c136
     Ptr{Nothing} @0x00007fd87362c986
     Ptr{Nothing} @0x00007fd87362d089
     Base.InterpreterIP(CodeInfo(:(begin
          Core.SSAValue(0) = backtrace()
          trace = Core.SSAValue(0)
          return Core.SSAValue(0)
      end)), 0x0000000000000000)
     Ptr{Nothing} @0x00007fd87362e4cf
    [...]

    julia> stacktrace(trace)
    6-element Array{Base.StackTraces.StackFrame,1}:
     top-level scope
     eval at boot.jl:317 [inlined]
     eval(::Module, ::Expr) at REPL.jl:5
     eval_user_input(::Any, ::REPL.REPLBackend) at REPL.jl:85
     macro expansion at REPL.jl:116 [inlined]
     (::getfield(REPL, Symbol("##28#29")){REPL.REPLBackend})() at event.jl:92

Notice that the vector returned by `backtrace` had 18 elements, while the vector returned by `stacktrace` only has 6. This is because, by default, `stacktrace` removes any lower-level C functions from the stack. If you want to include stack frames from C calls, you can do it like this:

    julia> stacktrace(trace, true)
    21-element Array{Base.StackTraces.StackFrame,1}:
     jl_apply_generic at gf.c:2167
     do_call at interpreter.c:324
     eval_value at interpreter.c:416
     eval_body at interpreter.c:559
     jl_interpret_toplevel_thunk_callback at interpreter.c:798
     top-level scope
     jl_interpret_toplevel_thunk at interpreter.c:807
     jl_toplevel_eval_flex at toplevel.c:856
     jl_toplevel_eval_in at builtins.c:624
     eval at boot.jl:317 [inlined]
     eval(::Module, ::Expr) at REPL.jl:5
     jl_apply_generic at gf.c:2167
     eval_user_input(::Any, ::REPL.REPLBackend) at REPL.jl:85
     jl_apply_generic at gf.c:2167
     macro expansion at REPL.jl:116 [inlined]
     (::getfield(REPL, Symbol("##28#29")){REPL.REPLBackend})() at event.jl:92
     jl_fptr_trampoline at gf.c:1838
     jl_apply_generic at gf.c:2167
     jl_apply at julia.h:1540 [inlined]
     start_task at task.c:268
     ip:0xffffffffffffffff

Individual pointers returned by `backtrace` can be translated into `StackTraces.StackFrame` s by passing them into `StackTraces.lookup`:

    julia> pointer = backtrace()[1];

    julia> frame = StackTraces.lookup(pointer)
    1-element Array{Base.StackTraces.StackFrame,1}:
     jl_apply_generic at gf.c:2167

    julia> println("The top frame is from $(frame[1].func)!")
    The top frame is from jl_apply_generic!

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This document was generated with Documenter.jl on Sunday 2 August 2020. Using Julia version 1.5.0.