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# AngularDart Development FAQ

Updated December 2018

This FAQ applies to AngularDart. For more general Dart questions, see the Dart FAQ.

## General

### Q. What browsers do you support as JavaScript compilation targets?

The production compiler (dart2js) supports Internet Explorer 11 and the last two major releases of the following browsers:

- Chrome
- Edge
- Firefox
- Safari

The development compiler (dartdevc) supports only Chrome.

### Q. Is Dart supported by my browser?

Although no production browsers can execute Dart code directly, all modern browsers can execute Dart code that’s been compiled to JavaScript.

### Q. How do I debug an app?

For setup details and a walkthrough, see Debugging Dart Web Apps.

The debugging section of the dart2js documentation has some tips for specific browsers.

### Q. Can I use Angular with Dart?

Yes! AngularDart is a port of Angular to Dart.

### Q. Should I use Angular or Polymer?

Use AngularDart. Polymer Dart is no longer supported and is likely to break in Dart 2. At Flutter Live we announced Hummingbird as an experimental way to write web applications. We’ll let you know when Hummingbird is ready to use.

### Q. Can I build a Chrome App with Dart?

You can use the chrome.dart libraries, but you still need to compile to JavaScript. But otherwise, yes, you can build a Chrome App with Dart.

## JavaScript and other web technologies

### Q. Does Google want to replace JavaScript with Dart?

No. We believe that developers should have a choice when they build for the web. Adding a new option, such as Dart, does not imply replacing an existing option.

### Q. How does Dart code interoperate with JavaScript libraries?

Although Dart and JavaScript are completely separate languages with separate VMs, they can interoperate. For more information, see package:js and the chartjs example.

### Q. I have a large JavaScript codebase. How can I migrate it to Dart?

Try migrating one major feature at a time, and use the JavaScript interoperability library only when necessary.

### Q. How does Dart compare with using the Closure compiler on JavaScript?

The idea of optional type annotations is similar. Dart’s are nicer syntactically.

Compare the following Closure compiler code:

    // Closure compiler code

    /**
     * @param {String} name
     * @return {String}
     */
    makeGreeting = function(name) {
      /** @type {String} */
      var greeting = 'hello ' + name;
      return greeting;
    }

With the following Dart code:

    // Dart code

    String makeGreeting(String name) {
      String greeting = 'hello $name';
      return greeting;
    }

### Q. How does Dart compare with CoffeeScript?

Both Dart and CoffeeScript are inspired by JavaScript, and both can be translated back to it. They make different choices, particularly in the flavor of their syntax. As a language we think it’s fair to say that Dart differs semantically from JavaScript more than CoffeeScript does; that may result in a less line-for-line translation, but we believe Dart-generated JavaScript can have excellent size and speed.

Dart introduces new semantics, while CoffeeScript retains the semantics of JavaScript.

If you like CoffeeScript for its more structured feel than raw JavaScript, you may like Dart’s static type annotations.

### Q. What does Google think of TypeScript?

TypeScript and Dart have similar goals; they make building large-scale web apps easier. However, their approaches are fairly different. TypeScript maintains backwards compatability with JavaScript, whereas Dart purposely made a break from certain parts of JavaScript’s syntax and semantics in order to eradicate large classes of bugs and to improve performance. The web has suffered from too little choice for too long, and we think that both Dart and TypeScript are pointing to a brighter future for web developers. You can read a more complete response on our blog.

### Q. I have a large app written in GWT. How do I port it to Dart?

Java and Dart are syntactically similar, so this might be easier than you think. You can rely on the Dart analyzer to flag any syntax problems. Alternatively, you may consider porting one feature at a time to Dart and using the JavaScript interoperability library as the common middle ground. Be sure to watch Dart-JavaScript interoperability, a talk from Dart Developer Summit 2016.

## JavaScript compilation

### Q. Will any valid Dart code compile to JavaScript, or are there limitations?

We intend for any valid Dart code to compile to JavaScript. Of course, there are some libraries that will only run on the server because they don’t make sense in a browser context. For example, the `dart:io` library provides access to operating system files and directories with APIs not available to the browser.

### Q. Why does Dart have two compilers, dartdevc and dart2js?

The two compilers have different use cases. You don’t usually have to worry about which compiler you’re using, because the webdev tool chooses the right compiler for your use case. When you’re developing your app, webdev chooses dartdevc, which supports incremental compilation so you can quickly see the results of your edits. When you’re building your app for deployment, webdev chooses dart2js, which uses techniques such as tree shaking to produce optimized code.

### Q. How can dart2js produce JavaScript that runs faster than handwritten JavaScript?

Think of dart2js as a real compiler, which can analyze your entire program and make optimizations that you probably can’t or won’t do. Just like gcc can output efficient code by moving code around, dart2js can take advantage of Dart’s structured nature to implement global optimizations.

We don’t claim that all Dart code will run faster than handwritten JavaScript, when compiled to JavaScript, but we’re working to make the common cases fast.

### Q. How can I write Dart code that compiles to performant JavaScript?

See Helping dart2js generate better code. Just be aware that this information might change as the implementation of dart2js changes.

### Q. Why is the code for “Hello, World” so big, compared to the original Dart code after compilation to JavaScript?

We believe that it’s important to create small and efficient JavaScript from Dart, but most developers don’t write “Hello, World” apps. It’s all relative, and with tree shaking (dead code elimination), minification, and compression, Dart apps can be compiled to JavaScript fairly efficiently.

Kevin Moore saw improvements in the size of the generated JavaScript from his real-world HTML5 game.

The dart2js team strives to generate smaller output, but is more focused on real-world apps instead of trivial examples.

### Q. How are floating point numbers handled when compiled to JavaScript?

JavaScript has only one number representation: an IEEE-754 double-precision floating-point number. This means that any number—integer or floating point—is represented as a double. JavaScript has typed data arrays, and the mapping from native Dart typed lists to JavaScript typed arrays is trivial.

### Q. How are integers handled when compiled to JavaScript?

Because all numbers are stored as doubles, integers are restricted to a 53-bit precision. Integer values in the range of -253 to 253 can be stored without loss of accuracy. Because JavaScript VMs play tricks with the internal representation of numbers (similar to those described above), staying within smi range is still good practice.

### Q. How are typed lists handled when compiled to JavaScript?

JavaScript offers typed arrays that are compatible with Dart’s typed lists. The mapping is trivial—for example, Float32List becomes a Float32Array. The one exception today is that dart2js does not support 64-bit integers and thus does not support Int64List or Uint64List. Dart code compiled via dart2js results in a runtime exception if either of those lists is used.

## Historical

### Q. Why Dart?

At Google we’ve written our share of web apps, and we’ve tried in many ways to make improvements to that development process, short of introducing a new language. Now we think it’s time to take that leap. We designed Dart to be easy to write development tools for, well-suited to modern app development, and capable of high-performance implementations.

### Q. Is the language what really needs to be fixed in web development?

We want to fix ALL the things. There’s “Dart” the language, and then there’s “Dart” the overall project. The Dart project is betting that the language needs some changes, but we also want to improve the DOM and other libraries, and to improve the tools we use.

At the same time, Google is also placing bets that JavaScript can be evolved as needed, and contributing to that work. Google wants web development to be great, and if that happens with JavaScript, we’re happy.

### Q. Is Dart going to divert community effort from JavaScript-based web development?

If people like Dart and use it, then to a certain extent, yes, but isn’t this true of any improvement to existing web development? Nothing is zero-effort to learn or 100% back-compatible to legacy browsers, so people use both new and old. You might look at it this way: Google is putting significant effort behind both Dart and JavaScript, choosing to develop Dart while at the same time using JavaScript extensively, and working on JavaScript tools, implementation, and language spec. We’re doing both because we think Dart is worth it.

Server-side web programming finds room for many languages: does Python divert effort from Perl, and does Java undercut C++? Again, to a certain extent, yes they do, but people generally consider that a healthy situation, better than if we all used a single programming language. Multiple languages have allowed for faster change than any single language has achieved through a standards process. Furthermore, languages coexist in different niches: does Groovy really compete directly with C++? People face different engineering tradeoffs and choose different languages to meet them. Ultimately, we think client-side developers should have this kind of flexibility.

### Q. Will the Dart VM get into Chrome?

No. Dart is designed to compile to JavaScript to run across the modern web.

### Q. Why not compile Dart to asm.js instead of JavaScript?

Asm.js is a very restricted subset of JavaScript best suited as a compilation target for C compilers. It does not include JavaScript objects or direct access to the DOM. Essentially, it allows only arithmetic operations and manipulations on typed arrays.

While it is possible to implement the features that Dart requires, they would incur a large overhead in both speed and size, compared to relying on the already existing features provided by the underlying JavaScript engine. For example, any JavaScript machine comes with a garbage collector; implementing another one in asm.js would increase the output size, and be noticeably slower than the well-tuned garbage collectors of modern JavaScript VMs.