# Data discovery

### Resources for finding available and relevant data

# Census datasets

`cancensus` can access Statistics Canada Census data for the 1996, 2001, 2006 Censuses, the 2011 Census and National Household Survey, the 2016 Census, as well as the 2021 Census. You can run `list_census_datasets` to check what datasets are currently available for access through the CensusMapper API.

Thanks to contributions by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), `cancensus` now includes additional Census-linked datasets as open-data releases. These include annual tax-filer data at the census tract level for tax years 2000 through 2017, which includes data on incomes and demographics, as well as specialized crosstabs for Structural type of dwelling by Document type, which details occupancy status for residences. These crosstabs are available for the 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 Census years at all levels starting with census tract.

    list_census_datasets()

    ## # A tibble: 29 × 6
    ##    dataset description                           geo_d…¹ attri…² refer…³ refer…⁴
    ##    <chr>   <chr>                                 <chr>   <chr>   <chr>   <chr>
    ##  1 CA1996  1996 Canada Census                    CA1996  StatCa… 92-351… https:…
    ##  2 CA01    2001 Canada Census                    CA01    StatCa… 92-378… https:…
    ##  3 CA06    2006 Canada Census                    CA06    StatCa… 92-566… https:…
    ##  4 CA11    2011 Canada Census and NHS            CA11    StatCa… 98-301… https:…
    ##  5 CA16    2016 Canada Census                    CA16    StatCa… 98-301… https:…
    ##  6 CA21    2021 Canada Census                    CA21    StatCa… 98-301… https:…
    ##  7 CA01xSD 2001 Canada Census xtab - Structural… CA01    StatCa… 92-378… https:…
    ##  8 CA06xSD 2006 Canada Census xtab - Structural… CA06    StatCa… 92-566… https:…
    ##  9 CA11xSD 2011 Canada Census xtab - Structural… CA11    StatCa… 98-301… https:…
    ## 10 CA16xSD 2016 Canada Census xtab - Structural… CA16    StatCa… 98-301… https:…
    ## # … with 19 more rows, and abbreviated variable names ¹​geo_dataset,
    ## #   ²​attribution, ³​reference, ⁴​reference_url

The `list_census_datasets()` function also provides additional background like series reference code, catalogue reference, and attribution details.

# Variable vectors

The Census datasets that the `cancensus` package provides access to are rich in detail but they can be complex to navigate. There are thousands of variable vectors, including separate vector indicators for aggregations split by `Total`, `Female`, and `Male` populations. As a result, the total number of vectors per dataset is significant, ranging from 1,715 in the `CA01` dataset to 6,623 in the `CA16` one.

## View available Census variable vectors

    list_census_vectors('CA21')

    ## # A tibble: 7,709 × 7
    ##    vector    type   label                          units paren…¹ aggre…² details
    ##    <chr>     <fct>  <chr>                          <fct> <chr>   <chr>   <chr>
    ##  1 v_CA21_1  Total  Population, 2021               Numb… <NA>    Additi… CA 202…
    ##  2 v_CA21_2  Total  Population, 2016               Numb… <NA>    Additi… CA 202…
    ##  3 v_CA21_3  Total  Population percentage change,… Numb… <NA>    Averag… CA 202…
    ##  4 v_CA21_4  Total  Total private dwellings        Numb… <NA>    Additi… CA 202…
    ##  5 v_CA21_5  Total  Private dwellings occupied by… Numb… v_CA21… Additi… CA 202…
    ##  6 v_CA21_6  Total  Population density per square… Ratio <NA>    Averag… CA 202…
    ##  7 v_CA21_7  Total  Land area in square kilometres Numb… <NA>    Additi… CA 202…
    ##  8 v_CA21_8  Total  Total - Age                    Numb… <NA>    Additi… CA 202…
    ##  9 v_CA21_9  Male   Total - Age                    Numb… <NA>    Additi… CA 202…
    ## 10 v_CA21_10 Female Total - Age                    Numb… <NA>    Additi… CA 202…
    ## # … with 7,699 more rows, and abbreviated variable names ¹​parent_vector,
    ## #   ²​aggregation

`list_census_vectors(dataset)` retrieves an index of all available vectors for a given dataset from the CensusMapper API or local cache if recently called. Each Census variable has a vector code assigned to it with naming pattern that goes `v_{dataset}_{index}`. This is the code by which vectors are identified through the CensusMapper API. In addition the vector code, there is additional information showing population type, aggregation type, label and details, as well as variable hierarchy. This function can also be used to show the variables for additional datasets made accessible through the CensusMapper API.

## Searching for Census variable vectors

Due to the large number of Census variables it can be hard to find the right data. There is a function for searching through Census variable metadata in a few different ways. There are three types of searches possible using this function: exact search, which simply looks for exact string matches for a given query against the vector dataset; keyword search, which breaks vector metadata into unigram tokens and then tries to find the vectors with the greatest number of unique matches; and, semantic search which works better with search phrases and has tolerance for inexact searches. Switching between search modes is done using the `query_type` argument when calling `find_census_vectors()` function.

Note that variable search is optimized for the Census variables in the main Census datasets. While searches generally work for variables in additional datasets such as cross-tabs and taxfiler data, they have not been extensively tested against these datasets.

### Exact search

Exact search uses exact string matching. It is best used when you know exactly the term you are looking for, and is not robust to spelling errors.

    find_census_vectors("Oji-cree", dataset = "CA16", type = "total", query_type = "exact")

    ## # A tibble: 4 × 4
    ##   vector      type  label    details
    ##   <chr>       <fct> <chr>    <chr>
    ## 1 v_CA16_626  Total Oji-Cree Language; Total - Mother tongue for the total popu…
    ## 2 v_CA16_1433 Total Oji-Cree Language; Total - Language spoken most often at ho…
    ## 3 v_CA16_2676 Total Oji-Cree 25% Data; Total - Knowledge of languages for the p…
    ## 4 v_CA16_5930 Total Oji-Cree 25% Data; Work; Total - Language used most often a…

This, on the other hand, will return a warning.

    find_census_vectors("Ojib-cree", dataset = "CA16", type = "total", query_type = "exact")

    ## Warning: No exact matches found. Please check spelling and try again or consider using semantic or keyword search.
    ## See ?find_census_vectors() for more details.
    ##
    ## Alternatively, you can launch the Censusmapper web API in a browser by calling explore_census_vectors(dataset)

Unless otherwise specified, `find_census_vectors()` will use exact search as the default option.

### Keyword search

Keyword search is meant to be used when you know the approximate subject matter of the variable without knowing the exact variable you are looking for. Under the hood, keyword search splits the query and vector details into unique unigram tokens and then looks for the vectors with the greatest number of matches.

    find_census_vectors('commute mode', dataset = 'CA16', type = 'female', query_type = 'keyword', interactive = FALSE)

    ## # A tibble: 7 × 4
    ##   vector      type   label                                               details
    ##   <chr>       <fct>  <chr>                                               <chr>
    ## 1 v_CA16_5794 Female Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed la… 25% Da…
    ## 2 v_CA16_5797 Female Car, truck, van - as a driver                       25% Da…
    ## 3 v_CA16_5800 Female Car, truck, van - as a passenger                    25% Da…
    ## 4 v_CA16_5803 Female Public transit                                      25% Da…
    ## 5 v_CA16_5806 Female Walked                                              25% Da…
    ## 6 v_CA16_5809 Female Bicycle                                             25% Da…
    ## 7 v_CA16_5812 Female Other method                                        25% Da…

Keyword search will show all results that have the highest number of unique keyword matches. What happens if there are other keyword matches that have fewer total matches? By default, the function argument is set as `interactive = TRUE`, which will prompt the user with a console menu option to see the rest of the matches or not. If using `find_census_vectors()` in a script or reproducible documentation, we recommend setting this argument to `interactive = FALSE`.

### Semantic search

Semantic search works best with phrases. Rather than the decontextualized unigrams of keyword search, semantic search splits queries and vector details into n-grams and finds matches using approximate string distances based on the generalized Levenshtein distance.

    find_census_vectors("after tax incomes", dataset = "CA16", type = "total", query_type = "semantic")

    ## # A tibble: 56 × 4
    ##    vector      type  label                                               details
    ##    <chr>       <fct> <chr>                                               <chr>
    ##  1 v_CA16_2210 Total Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 year… Income…
    ##  2 v_CA16_2213 Total Median after-tax income in 2015 among recipients (… Income…
    ##  3 v_CA16_2306 Total Percentage with after-tax income                    Income…
    ##  4 v_CA16_2297 Total Total - After-tax income groups in 2015 for the po… Income…
    ##  5 v_CA16_2300 Total Without after-tax income                            Income…
    ##  6 v_CA16_2303 Total With after-tax income                               Income…
    ##  7 v_CA16_2309 Total Under $10,000 (including loss)                      Income…
    ##  8 v_CA16_2312 Total $10,000 to $19,999                                  Income…
    ##  9 v_CA16_2315 Total $20,000 to $29,999                                  Income…
    ## 10 v_CA16_2318 Total $30,000 to $39,999                                  Income…
    ## # … with 46 more rows

Semantic search is more robust to spelling and punctuation issues that may come up with exact search. For example, while this throws a warning:

    find_census_vectors("ojib cree", dataset = "CA16", type = "total", query_type = "exact")

    ## Warning: No exact matches found. Please check spelling and try again or consider using semantic or keyword search.
    ## See ?find_census_vectors() for more details.
    ##
    ## Alternatively, you can launch the Censusmapper web API in a browser by calling explore_census_vectors(dataset)

This will find the correct Census vector.

    find_census_vectors('ojib cree', dataset = 'CA16', type = 'total', query_type = 'semantic')

    ## Multiple possible matches. Results ordered by closeness.

    ## # A tibble: 4 × 4
    ##   vector      type  label    details
    ##   <chr>       <fct> <chr>    <chr>
    ## 1 v_CA16_626  Total Oji-Cree Language; Total - Mother tongue for the total popu…
    ## 2 v_CA16_1433 Total Oji-Cree Language; Total - Language spoken most often at ho…
    ## 3 v_CA16_2676 Total Oji-Cree 25% Data; Total - Knowledge of languages for the p…
    ## 4 v_CA16_5930 Total Oji-Cree 25% Data; Work; Total - Language used most often a…

Results are ordered by string proximity if there are multiple possible matches.

# Census regions

## Standard Geographical Classification

Statistics Canada uses an official classification of geographic areas known as the Standard Geographical Classification (SGC), which is updated periodically. The latest version is based on the 2021 Census. Geographic classification codes are standardized across Statistics Canada products, including the Census as well as any other Statistics Canada dataset. In practice, this means that the region ID for the Vancouver Census subdivision is 5915022 across all products. In `cancensus` the region ID code is used to identify the appropriate spatial vector data to retrieve alongside Census data. These region IDs have a predictable structure, where provinces are two digits, Census divisions are 4 digits (including 2 for the province), and Census subdivisions have 7 digits (including 2 for the province, and 2 for the Census division).

    ## # A tibble: 3 × 4
    ##      PR    CD   CSD name
    ##   <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
    ## 1    35    NA    NA Ontario
    ## 2    35    18    NA Durham (Regional municipality
    ## 3    35    18    13 Oshawa (City)

These levels are hierarchical and complete in that a province is split in Census divisions, which are then split into Census subdivisions.

Geographies have standardized names for the province, Census division, and Census subdivision levels, as well as Census metropolitan areas and Census agglomerations. Lower geographic levels such as Census tracts or dissemination areas (DA, EA, and DB) are not named or listed but have unique identifying codes derived from their parent Census subdivision.

    ## # A tibble: 6 × 2
    ##   level     n
    ##   <chr> <int>
    ## 1 C         1
    ## 2 CA        9
    ## 3 CD      293
    ## 4 CMA      41
    ## 5 CSD    5161
    ## 6 PR       13

There is also an additional region, with the id `01` and the level code `C` which represents all of Canada as a whole.

### A note on Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations

Data can also be extracted at the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) or Census Agglomeration (CA) level, which is derived from a variant of the SGC known as the Statistical Area Classification. Hierarchically, CMAs and CAs represent a collection of constituent Census subdivisions.

A Census metropolitan area consists of adjacent municipalities with a defined core with a total population of at least 100,000 of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on Census data. Adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, which Statistics Canada measures based on the commuting flows indicated in Census data. Census Agglomeration areas have to have a core population above 10,000.

All CMAs and CAs consist of Census subdivisions but not all Census subdivisions are a subset of a CMA or a CA. For more details on CMAs and CAs, consult Statistics Canada’s Census Dictionary article for Census metropolitan areas (CMA) and census agglomerations (CA). All CMAs and some CAs have data at the Census tract level, but most CAs do not. The 2021 Census has 41 CMAs and 9 CAs with Census tracts that have their own defined geography. There are a further 102 CAs without Census tracts that do not have their own distinctly defined geographies.

### Aside: dissemination areas, blocks, and enumeration areas

Dissemination areas (DA) are the smallest atomic geographic unit at which all census data is captured. DAs cover the entirety of Canada and follow the boundaries of census subdivisions and census tracts. While inter-census geographic stability is not guaranteed, they generally tend to be as stable as the census tracts and census subdivisions that they make up. In addition to census boundaries, DAs will generally follow natural boundaries created by other spatial features like roads, railways, water features, and designed to be spatially compact and with a target population around 400-700 persons. The 2021 census data has 57,936 distinct DAs.

Enumeration areas (EA) were the DA equivalent for censuses prior to 2001. Similar to DAs, EAs were used to as the basic level at which census data was collected. They do not necessarily correspond accurately to DAs in data from 2001 onwards.

Dissemination block (DB) level data is available for the 2001-2021 datasets. DBs are essentially city blocks, bounded by intersecting streets and therefore are largely the product of road networks at the time of the census. The geographies and identification codes of DBs are not necessarily stable over time. DBs are split whenever they intersect with boundaries of higher geographic levels in such a way as to ensure that they can be aggregated upwards precisely. DBs only provide data for population, dwelling counts, and number of households (from 2006 onwards) without any additional characteristic data. DBs with population under 15 have their population counts adjusted for privacy. For the 2021 census, there are close to half a million DB distinct regions.

## Viewing available Census regions

For any valid Census dataset, you can view all available Census regions by calling `list_census_regions(dataset)`. This will retrieve the `region` code, the `name`, and the `level` code indicating the type of geography. Other information includes population, municipal status, as well as parent geographic ids for lower levels. All CMAs are included with their own defined geography, as well as those CAs which have their own Census tracts.

    list_census_regions('CA21')

    ## # A tibble: 5,518 × 8
    ##    region name                      level      pop munic…¹ CMA_UID CD_UID PR_UID
    ##    <chr>  <chr>                     <chr>    <int> <chr>   <chr>   <chr>  <chr>
    ##  1 01     Canada                    C     36991981 <NA>    <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
    ##  2 35     Ontario                   PR    14223942 Ont.    <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
    ##  3 24     Quebec                    PR     8501833 Que.    <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
    ##  4 59     British Columbia          PR     5000879 B.C.    <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
    ##  5 48     Alberta                   PR     4262635 Alta.   <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
    ##  6 46     Manitoba                  PR     1342153 Man.    <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
    ##  7 47     Saskatchewan              PR     1132505 Sask.   <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
    ##  8 12     Nova Scotia               PR      969383 N.S.    <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
    ##  9 13     New Brunswick             PR      775610 N.B.    <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
    ## 10 10     Newfoundland and Labrador PR      510550 N.L.    <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
    ## # … with 5,508 more rows, and abbreviated variable name ¹​municipal_status

There are 53 CSD and 12 CD municipal status codes based on official designations used by provinces, territories, and federal authorities. These are often used to distinguish Census divisions and subdivisions with similar or identical names. CAs with Census tracts and defined geography have the code K, while those without have type code D.

## Searching through named Census regions

We can also search through all named geographies. This will return any geographies that have a name that matches or partially matches the search query.

    search_census_regions("Vancouver","CA21")

    ## # A tibble: 7 × 8
    ##   region  name              level     pop municipal_status CMA_UID CD_UID PR_UID
    ##   <chr>   <chr>             <chr>   <int> <chr>            <chr>   <chr>  <chr>
    ## 1 59933   Vancouver         CMA   2642825 B                <NA>    <NA>   59
    ## 2 5915    Greater Vancouver CD    2642825 RD               <NA>    <NA>   59
    ## 3 5915022 Vancouver         CSD    662248 CY               59933   5915   59
    ## 4 5915046 North Vancouver   CSD     88168 DM               59933   5915   59
    ## 5 5915051 North Vancouver   CSD     58120 CY               59933   5915   59
    ## 6 5915055 West Vancouver    CSD     44122 DM               59933   5915   59
    ## 7 5915020 Metro Vancouver A CSD     18612 RDA              59933   5915   59

# Exploring Census variable vectors and regions interactively

Sometimes it can be easier to find the right vectors or regions by exploring the layout and hierarchy of Census data. This is especially true when we are not sure of what information is available or are not sure where to start. Finding the right Census geographic code on a map will be easier for some than using named search. This is also handy if we want to assemble a custom aggregation of region codes at different hierarchies.

To facilitate this, we have included a couple of convenience functions that take you directly to an interactive tool with variable and region details on the Censusmapper website. To explore the hierarchical variable structure of a given dataset, say the 2006 Census, running `explore_census_vectors(dataset = "CA06")`. To view Census geography on an interactive map, there is `explore_census_regions(dataset = "CA16")`. As usual, vectors and geographies for different Census datasets can be retrieved by using the appropriate dataset code for the `dataset` argument.