---
title: "Time-varying Markov Models (Non-Homogeneous)"
date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
output:
  rmarkdown::html_vignette:
    toc: true
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Time-varying Markov Models (Non-Homogeneous)}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
---

```{r, echo=FALSE, include=FALSE}
library(heemod)
library(ggplot2)
```

## Model description

This example is an implementation of the assessment of a new total hip replacement (THR) technology described in chapter 3.5 of [Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/decision-modelling-for-health-economic-evaluation-9780198526629). A more detailed report is available [at this location](https://www.york.ac.uk/media/che/documents/papers/technicalpapers/CHE%20Technical%20Paper%2028.pdf). This reports goes a bit further in the analysis. For the sake of simplicity we will not reproduce exactly the analysis from the book. See vignette `vignette("i-reproduction", "heemod")` for an exact reproduction.

This model has 5 states:

  * Primary THR: starting state, individuals receive either the standard or the new THR (called NP1), outcomes are either success of primary THR or death (the operative mortality rate of primary THR will be called `omrPTHR`);
  * Success of primary THR: state after receiving primary THR if the surgery is successful, individuals can stay in that state, need a THR revision, or die of other causes;
  * Revision of primary THR: for individuals whose primary THR needed revision, outcomes are either success of revision THR or death (the operative mortality rate of revision THR will be called `omrRTHR`);
  * Success of revision THR: state after receiving revision THR if the surgery is successful, individuals can stay in that state, need a THR re-revision, or die of other causes;
  * Death (either caused by THR or another cause).
  
Two transition probabilities are time-varying in this model:

  * Probability of death by another cause increases with age;
  * Probability of primary THR revision changes with time.

## Other-Cause death

Other-cause death probabilities (mortality rate `mr`) for the United Kingdom is taken from WHO databases using the `get_who_mr()` function. The variable `sex`, taking values `0` and `1`, must be recoded in `"FMLE"` and `"MLE"` before being passed to this function.

## THR revision

  * Primary THR revision probability for the standard THR, called `standardRR` increases with time with the following formula (a [Weibull distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibull_distribution)):

$$
P_{revision} = 1 - \exp(\lambda \times ((t-1)^\gamma-t^\gamma))
$$

Where $t$ is the time since revision, $\gamma = 1.45367786$ and:

$$
\lambda = exp(cons + ageC \times age + maleC \times sex)
$$

Where $age$ and $sex$ (female = *0*, male = *1*) are individual characteristics, $cons = -5.49094$, $ageC = -0.0367$ and $maleC = 0.768536$.

  * For the NP1 procedure the standard procedure revision probability `standardRR` is modified by the relative risk $rrNP1 = 0.260677$.

$$
P_{revision} = 1 - \exp(\lambda \times rr \times NP1 \times ((t-1)^\gamma-t^\gamma))
$$

  * Revision THR re-revision (`rrr`) probability is set to be constant at *0.04* per year.

## Parameter definition

The key element to specify time-varying elements in `heemod` is through the use of the **package-defined variables** `model_time` and `state_time`. See vignette `vignette("b-time-dependency", "heemod")` for more details.

In order to build this more complex Markov model, parameters need to be defined through `define_parameters()` (for 2 reasons: to keep the transition matrix readable, and to avoid repetition by re-using parameters between strategies).

The equations decribed in the previous section can be written easily, here for a female population (`sex` = *0*) starting at 60 years old (`age_init` = *60*).

```{r}
param <- define_parameters(
    age_init = 60,
    sex = 0,
    
    # age increases with cycles
    age = age_init + model_time,
    
    # operative mortality rates
    omrPTHR = .02,
    omrRTHR = .02,
    
    # re-revision mortality rate
    rrr = .04,
    
    # parameters for calculating primary revision rate
    cons = -5.49094,
    ageC = -.0367,
    maleC = .768536,
    lambda = exp(cons + ageC * age_init + maleC * sex),
    gamma = 1.45367786,
    
    rrNP1 = .260677,
    
    # revision probability of primary procedure
    standardRR = 1 - exp(lambda * ((model_time - 1) ^ gamma -
                                     model_time ^ gamma)),
    np1RR = 1 - exp(lambda * rrNP1 * ((model_time - 1) ^ gamma - 
                                        model_time ^ gamma)),
    
    # age-related mortality rate
    sex_cat = ifelse(sex == 0, "FMLE", "MLE"),
    mr = get_who_mr(age, sex_cat),
    
    # state values
    u_SuccessP = .85,
    u_RevisionTHR = .30,
    u_SuccessR = .75,
    c_RevisionTHR = 5294
)
param
```

## Transition matrix definition

Now that parameters are defined, the probability transitions can be easily written:

```{r}
mat_standard <- define_transition(
    state_names = c(
      "PrimaryTHR",
      "SuccessP",
      "RevisionTHR",
      "SuccessR",
      "Death"
    ),
    0, C, 0,          0, omrPTHR,
    0, C, standardRR, 0, mr,
    0, 0, 0,          C, omrRTHR+mr,
    0, 0, rrr,        C, mr,
    0, 0, 0,          0, 1
)
mat_standard

mat_np1 <- define_transition(
    state_names = c(
      "PrimaryTHR",
      "SuccessP",
      "RevisionTHR",
      "SuccessR",
      "Death"
    ),
    0, C, 0,          0, omrPTHR,
    0, C, np1RR,      0, mr,
    0, 0, 0,          C, omrRTHR+mr,
    0, 0, rrr,        C, mr,
    0, 0, 0,          0, 1
)
mat_np1
```

While it is possible to plot the matrix thanks to the `diagram` package, the results may not always be easy to read.

```{r, fig.width = 6, fig.height=6, fig.align='center'}
plot(mat_standard)
```

## State & strategy definition

Utilities and costs are then associated to states. In this model costs are discounted at a rate of 6% and utilities at a rate of 1.5%.

Now that parameters, transition matrix and states are defined we can define the strategies for the control group and the NP1 treatment.

We use `define_starting_values()` to take into account the cost of surgery.

```{r}
strat_standard <- define_strategy(
  transition = mat_standard,
  PrimaryTHR = define_state(
    utility = 0,
    cost = 0
  ),
  SuccessP = define_state(
    utility = discount(u_SuccessP, .015),
    cost = 0
  ),
  RevisionTHR = define_state(
    utility = discount(u_RevisionTHR, .015),
    cost = discount(c_RevisionTHR, .06)
  ),
  SuccessR = define_state(
    utility = discount(u_SuccessR, .015),
    cost = 0
  ),
  Death = define_state(
    utility = 0,
    cost = 0
  ),
  starting_values = define_starting_values(
    cost = 394
  )
)
strat_standard

strat_np1 <- define_strategy(
  transition = mat_np1,
  PrimaryTHR = define_state(
    utility = 0,
    cost = 0
  ),
  SuccessP = define_state(
    utility = discount(u_SuccessP, .015),
    cost = 0
  ),
  RevisionTHR = define_state(
    utility = discount(u_RevisionTHR, .015),
    cost = discount(c_RevisionTHR, .06)
  ),
  SuccessR = define_state(
    utility = discount(u_SuccessR, .015),
    cost = 0
  ),
  Death = define_state(
    utility = 0,
    cost = 0
  ),
  starting_values = define_starting_values(
    cost = 579
  )
)
strat_np1
```

## Model analysis

Both strategies can now be run for 60 years. By default models are computed for 1000 person starting in `PrimaryTHR`.

```{r}
res_mod <- run_model(
  standard = strat_standard,
  np1      = strat_np1,
  parameters = param,
  cycles = 60,
  cost = cost,
  effect = utility
)
```

A comparison of both strategies can be done with `summary()`. The incremental cost and effect are displayed in columns `Cost` and `Effect`.

```{r}
summary(res_mod)
```

The new treatment costs £`r round(summary(res_mod)$res_comp$.icer[2])` more per QALY gained.

It should be noted that this result differs from the original study. This difference is explained by higher population-level all-causes mortality rates in the original study than in the WHO database (used here). See vignette `vignette("i-reproduction", "heemod")` for an exact reproduction of the analysis.

We can plot the counts per state:

```{r, fig.width = 6, fig.height=6, fig.align='center'}
plot(res_mod, type = "counts", panel = "by_state", free_y = TRUE) +
  theme_bw() +
  scale_color_brewer(
    name = "Strategy",
    palette = "Set1"
  )
```
