---
title: "1. Introduction to `voluModel`"
author:
- Hannah L. Owens
- Carsten Rahbek
date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
output:
  rmarkdown::html_vignette:
    fig_caption: yes
    fig_width: 7
    fig_height: 7
    toc: true
    toc_depth: 3
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{1. Introduction to `voluModel`}
  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
editor_options: 
  chunk_output_type: console
---

```{r setup, include=FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE, error = FALSE, fig.retina = 1, dpi = 80)
```

# Introduction 
To date, distribution and ecological niche models of marine species have generally only considered distributions in two-dimensional space, not accounting for depth. This may lead to mis-estimation of species distributions and subsequent diversity estimates, especially among pelagic and benthic species. Here, we present a possible way forward: generating species distribution models based on environmental data extracted at the depths where individuals were observed, and calibrated with three-dimensional sampling of pseudo-absences. We also provide some methods to project these models back into three-dimensional space and visualize the results.

Here are the packages you will need.

```{r packages, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
library(voluModel) # Because of course
library(dplyr) # To filter data
library(ggplot2) # For fancy plotting
library(terra) # Now being transitioned in
```

# Data Inputs

First thing's first. Distributional models are based on coordinates of species' occurrences. We start with and example occurrence dataset of *Steindachneria argentea*, Luminous Hake, using data downloaded via R (R Core Team, 2020) from GBIF (Chamberlain *et al.*, 2021; Chamberlain and Boettiger, 2017) and OBIS (Provoost and Bosch, 2019) via occCite (Owens *et al.*, 2021). Here is how the occurrence data file is structured, and where the occurrences we will be using are located.

```{r show points, warning=FALSE, echo=TRUE, message=FALSE, eval=TRUE}
occs <- read.csv(system.file("extdata/Steindachneria_argentea.csv", 
                             package='voluModel'))

# Filter points
occurrences <- occs %>% 
  dplyr::select(decimalLongitude, decimalLatitude, depth) %>%
  dplyr::distinct() %>% 
  filter(depth %in% 1:2000)

head(occurrences)
land <- rnaturalearth::ne_countries(scale = "small", returnclass = "sf")[1]
pointMap(occs = occurrences, ptCol = "orange", landCol = "black",
             spName = "Steindachneria argentea", ptSize = 3,
             land = land)
```

Next, we load two environmental datasets from the World Ocean Atlas (Garcia *et al.*, 2019): temperature (Locarnini *et al.*, 2018) and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU; Garcia *et al.*, 2019). I have chosen these variables for simplified illustrative purposes--we recommend you explore additional variables from the World Ocean Atlas and other sources. These data are supplied by the World Ocean Atlas as point shapefiles; the version supplied here has been cropped between -110 and -40 longitude and between -5 and 50 latitude to make it more space-efficient. 

```{r loading temperature data, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, include=TRUE}
# Temperature
td <- tempdir()
unzip(system.file("extdata/woa18_decav_t00mn01_cropped.zip", 
                  package = "voluModel"),
      exdir = paste0(td, "/temperature"), junkpaths = T)
temperature <- vect(paste0(td, "/temperature/woa18_decav_t00mn01_cropped.shp"))

# Creating a bottom raster
temperatureBottom <- bottomRaster(temperature)

# Creating a SpatRaster vector
template <- centerPointRasterTemplate(temperature)
tempTerVal <- terra::rasterize(x = temperature, y = template, field = names(temperature))

# Get names of depths
envtNames <- gsub("[d,M]", "", names(temperature))
envtNames[[1]] <- "0"
names(tempTerVal) <- envtNames
temperature <- tempTerVal
rm(tempTerVal)
```

Let's see what the top and bottom temperature files look like.

``` {r plotting temperature, eval = FALSE}
# How do these files look?
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
p1 <- oneRasterPlot(temperature[[1]], land = land, landCol = "black", 
              title= "Surface Temperature (C)")

p2 <- oneRasterPlot(temperatureBottom,land = land, landCol = "black", 
              title = "Bottom Temperature (C)")
```

```{r temperature plot, echo=FALSE, out.width = '100%', out.height= '100%'}
knitr::include_graphics("TemperatureTopBottom.png")
```

The AOU dataset has been interpolated and smoothed using a thin plate spline algorithm. For more details on how to process environmental data, see [the raster data tutorial](https://hannahlowens.github.io/voluModel/articles/b_RasterProcessing.html). First, we load the data.

```{r loading oxygen data, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, include=TRUE}
# Oxygen processing, pre-baked to save time
oxygenSmooth <- rast(system.file("extdata/oxygenSmooth.tif", 
                                 package='voluModel'))
oxygenBottom <- rast(system.file("extdata/oxygenBottom.tif", 
                                 package="voluModel"))
names(oxygenSmooth) <- names(temperature)
```
Then we plot it.

```{r oxygen plotting, echo=TRUE, eval = FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
p3 <- oneRasterPlot(oxygenSmooth[[1]], land = land, landCol = "black", 
              title= "Surface Apparent Oxygen Utilization (µmol/kg),\ninterpolated and smoothed")
p4 <- oneRasterPlot(oxygenBottom, land = land, landCol = "black",
     title = "Bottom Apparent Oxygen Utilization (µmol/kg),\ninterpolated and smoothed")
```

```{r oxygen plot, echo=FALSE, out.width = '100%', out.height= '100%'}
knitr::include_graphics("OxygenTopBottom.png")
```

Finally, we get data layer indices for each occurrence point by matching their depth of sampling to the appropriate environmental layer name.

```{r occurrence and depth matchup}
# Gets the layer index for each occurrence by matching to depth
layerNames <- as.numeric(names(temperature))
occurrences$index <- unlist(lapply(occurrences$depth, FUN = function(x) which.min(abs(layerNames - x))))
indices <- unique(occurrences$index)

# Downsamples occurrences in each depth layer
downsampledOccs <- data.frame()
for(i in indices){
  tempPoints <- occurrences[occurrences$index==i,]
  tempPoints <- downsample(tempPoints, temperature[[1]], verbose = FALSE)
  tempPoints$depth <- rep(layerNames[[i]], times = nrow(tempPoints))
  downsampledOccs <- rbind(downsampledOccs, tempPoints)
}
occurrences <- downsampledOccs
occurrences <- occurrences[,c("decimalLatitude", "decimalLongitude", "depth")]

rm(indices, layerNames, tempPoints, i, downsampledOccs, occs)
```

# A point about 3D environmental data extraction

```{r data extraction, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Extract temperature
threeDimTemp <- xyzSample(occs = occurrences, temperature)
threeDimTemp <- cbind(rep("X, Y,\nZ", length(threeDimTemp)), threeDimTemp)
surfTemp <- extract(x = temperature[[1]], 
                    occurrences[,c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude")])[,2]
surfTemp <- cbind(rep("X, Y,\nSurface", length(surfTemp)), surfTemp)
bottomTemp <- extract(x = temperatureBottom, 
                      occurrences[,c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude")])[,2]
bottomTemp <- cbind(rep("X, Y,\nBottom", length(bottomTemp)), bottomTemp)

# Extract AOU
threeDimOxy <- xyzSample(occs = occurrences, oxygenSmooth)
threeDimOxy <- cbind(rep("X, Y,\nZ", length(threeDimOxy)), threeDimOxy)
surfOxy <- extract(x = oxygenSmooth[[1]], 
                   occurrences[,c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude")])[,2]
surfOxy <- cbind(rep("X, Y,\nSurface", length(surfOxy)), surfOxy)
bottomOxy <- extract(x = oxygenBottom, 
                     occurrences[,c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude")])[,2]
bottomOxy <- cbind(rep("X, Y,\nBottom", length(bottomOxy)), bottomOxy)
```

At this point, we can demonstrate one of the key contributions of `voluModel`-- an improvement in how the environmental data are extracted at species' occurrences. `voluModel` samples environmental conditions at the depth where each record was located, instead of extrapolating to surface or bottom conditions. How important is this? First, let's look at temperature.

```{r temperature violin plots, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
# Collation
allTemp <- rbind(threeDimTemp, surfTemp, bottomTemp)
colnames(allTemp) <- c("Group", "Temperature")
allTemp <- as.data.frame(allTemp)
allTemp <- allTemp[complete.cases(allTemp),]
allTemp$Temperature <- as.numeric(allTemp$Temperature)

allOxy <- rbind(threeDimOxy, surfOxy, bottomOxy)
colnames(allOxy) <- c("Group", "Oxygen")
allOxy <- as.data.frame(allOxy)
allOxy <- allOxy[complete.cases(allOxy),]
allOxy$Oxygen <- as.numeric(allOxy$Oxygen)

# Plotting
groups <- c("X, Y,\nSurface", "X, Y,\nBottom", "X, Y,\nZ")
tempPlot <- ggplot(allTemp, aes(x=Group, y=Temperature)) + 
  geom_boxplot(fill="#b2182b", notch = TRUE) +
  theme_classic(base_size = 15) +
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(), 
        text = element_text(family = "Arial"), 
        axis.text = element_text(size = rel(1.1))) +
  scale_x_discrete(limits = groups) +
  ylab("Temperature (C)")

oxyPlot <- ggplot(allOxy, aes(x=Group, y=Oxygen)) + 
  geom_boxplot(fill="#2166ac", notch = TRUE) +
  theme_classic(base_size = 15) +
  theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(), 
        text = element_text(family = "Arial"), 
        axis.text = element_text(size = rel(1.1))) +
  scale_x_discrete(limits = groups) +
  ylab("Apparent Oxygen Utilization (µmol/kg)")

gridExtra::grid.arrange(tempPlot, oxyPlot, nrow = 1)
```

Temperature extracted at the appropriate depth (3D) is significantly lower than temperature extracted at the surface. The mean value of temperature is similar between the bottom and the 3D extractions, but the range of 3D values is narrower than those extracted at the bottom.

AOU based on 3D extraction is significantly higher than AOU extracted at the surface. The mean value of AOU is again similar between the bottom and the 3D extractions; the range of 3D values is broader than those extracted at the bottom, but contains no statistical outliers, i.e. greater than 1.5 * interquartile range from the hinge of the boxplot (black dots).

# Data sampling

Some modeling methods require the generation of a sampling region from which pseudoabsence or background points are drawn. For this introduction, we are showing you a simple envelope method that does not require background sampling. Instead, I will be applying the same principle to define the study region to which I project the envelope model, so we have a product that makes biological sense in terms of the question "Where are we most likely to encounter Lumious Hakes?" See [the background sampling tutorial](https://hannahlowens.github.io/voluModel/articles/c_DataSampling.html) for more information on `voluModel`'s `marineBackground()` function, and [the generalized linear model tutorial](https://hannahlowens.github.io/voluModel/articles/e_GLMWorkflow.html) for an example of a modelling application that uses a background sampling region. 

```{r study region, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=FALSE}
studyRegion <- marineBackground(occurrences, buff = 1000000, clipToOcean = TRUE)
landVect <- vect(land)
landVect <- terra::project(landVect, y = studyRegion)
plot(studyRegion, border = F, col = "gray",
     main = "Points and Background Sampling",
     axes = T)
plot(landVect, col = "black", add = T)
points(occurrences[,c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude")], 
       pch = 20, col = "red", cex = 1.5)
```

```{r study region hidden, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=TRUE, echo=FALSE}
studyRegion <- vect(system.file("extdata/backgroundSamplingRegions.shp",
                                package='voluModel'))
```

```{r plot study region, echo=FALSE, out.width = '100%', out.height= '100%'}
knitr::include_graphics("PointsAndTrainingRegion.png")
```

For our simple niche envelope models, we need to draw the environmental variable data from each occurrence voxel. For comparison with previous modeling approaches, I will extract data from the surface, from the bottom, and from the 3D coordinate for each variable.

```{r sampling}
# Surface Presences
oxyVals <- extract(x = oxygenSmooth[[1]], occurrences[,c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude")])[,2]
tempVals <- extract(x = temperature[[1]], occurrences[,c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude")])[,2]
vals <- cbind(occurrences, oxyVals, tempVals)
colnames(vals) <- c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude", "depth", "AOU", "Temperature")
vals <- vals[complete.cases(vals),]
row.names(vals) <- NULL
occsWdataSurface <- vals

# Bottom Presences
oxyVals <- extract(x = oxygenBottom, occurrences[,c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude")])[,2]
tempVals <- extract(x = temperatureBottom, occurrences[,c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude")])[,2]
vals <- cbind(occurrences, oxyVals, tempVals)
colnames(vals) <- c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude", "depth", "AOU", "Temperature")
vals <- vals[complete.cases(vals),]
row.names(vals) <- NULL
occsWdataBottom <- vals

# 3D Presences
oxyVals <- xyzSample(occs = occurrences, oxygenSmooth)
tempVals <- xyzSample(occs = occurrences, temperature)
vals <- cbind(occurrences, oxyVals, tempVals)
colnames(vals) <- c("decimalLongitude", "decimalLatitude", "depth", "AOU", "Temperature")
vals <- vals[complete.cases(vals),]
row.names(vals) <- NULL
occsWdata3D <- vals

rm(oxyVals, tempVals, vals)
```

# Niche envelope models

Now I will demonstrate how to construct simple 2D envelope models, in which we define suitable conditions as those within the maximum and minimum conditions at which *Steindachneria argentea* has been observed. The results will be simple 2D distribution maps--one based on surface conditions and one based on bottom conditions.

```{r generate 2D envelope niche models}
# Get limits, surface
tempLims <- quantile(occsWdataSurface$Temperature,c(0, 1))
aouLims <- quantile(occsWdataSurface$AOU,c(0, 1))

# Reclassify environmental bricks to presence/absence, surface
temperaturePresence <- classify(temperature[[1]], 
                                  rcl = matrix(c(-Inf,tempLims[[1]],0, 
                                                 tempLims[[1]], tempLims[[2]], 1,
                                                 tempLims[[2]], Inf, 0), 
                                               ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE))
AOUpresence <- classify(oxygenSmooth[[1]], 
                          rcl = matrix(c(-Inf, aouLims[[1]],0,
                                  aouLims[[1]], aouLims[[2]], 1,
                                  aouLims[[2]], Inf, 0), ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE))

# Put it all together, surface
envelopeModelSurface <- temperaturePresence * AOUpresence
envelopeModelSurface <- mask(crop(envelopeModelSurface, studyRegion), 
                             mask = studyRegion)

# Get limits, bottom
tempLims <- quantile(occsWdataBottom$Temperature,c(0, 1))
aouLims <- quantile(occsWdataBottom$AOU,c(0, 1))

# Reclassify environmental bricks to presence/absence, bottom
temperaturePresence <- classify(temperatureBottom, 
                                  rcl = matrix(c(-Inf,tempLims[[1]],0,
                                          tempLims[[1]], tempLims[[2]], 1,
                                          tempLims[[2]], Inf, 0), byrow = TRUE, ncol=3))
AOUpresence <- classify(oxygenBottom, 
                          rcl = matrix(c(-Inf, aouLims[[1]],0,
                                  aouLims[[1]], aouLims[[2]], 1,
                                  aouLims[[2]], Inf, 0), byrow = TRUE, ncol = 3))

# Put it all together, bottom
envelopeModelBottom <- temperaturePresence * AOUpresence
envelopeModelBottom <- mask(crop(envelopeModelBottom, studyRegion), mask = studyRegion)
```

How do these 2D models compare? `voluModel` has a function to conveniently generate a formatted comparison between two presence/absence distribution rasters `rasterComp()`.

```{r comparing 2D maps}
rasterComp(rast1 = envelopeModelSurface, rast2 = envelopeModelBottom, 
           rast1Name = "Surface", rast2Name = "Bottom", 
           land = land, landCol = "black", 
           title = "Comparison between surface and bottom envelope models")
```

Now I'll demonstrate how to make a 3D envelope model. Generating the model is exactly the same--any conditions between the maximum and minimum values at which Luminous Hakes were observed are considered suitable. The estimates are, of course, based on 3D environmental data extractions. The other key difference is that the envelope model is projected to each layer in each of the raster bricks (essentially generating a single variable model for each variable). The single-variable models are then multiplied together to generate a full model.

```{r generate 3D envelope model}
# Get limits
tempLims <- quantile(occsWdata3D$Temperature,c(0, 1))
aouLims <- quantile(occsWdata3D$AOU,c(0, 1))

# Reclassify environmental bricks to presence/absence
temperaturePresence <- classify(temperature, 
                                  rcl = matrix(c(-Inf,tempLims[[1]],0,
                                                 tempLims[[1]], tempLims[[2]], 1,
                                                 tempLims[[2]], Inf, 0), 
                                               byrow = TRUE, ncol = 3))
AOUpresence <- classify(oxygenSmooth, 
                          rcl = matrix(c(-Inf, aouLims[[1]],0,
                                         aouLims[[1]], aouLims[[2]], 1,
                                         aouLims[[2]], Inf, 0), 
                                       byrow = TRUE, ncol = 3))

# Put it all together
envelopeModel3D <- temperaturePresence * AOUpresence
envelopeModel3D <- mask(crop(envelopeModel3D, studyRegion), 
                        mask = studyRegion)
names(envelopeModel3D) <- names(temperature)
```

How does the projection look? `plotLayers` plots a transparent layer of suitable habitat for each depth layer. The redder the color, the shallower the layer, the bluer, the deeper. The more saturated the color, the more layers with suitable habitat. We will only look at projections within the study area and at depths the species was observed.

```{r plot 3D envelope model}
# Get indices of model-relevant layers
layerNames <- as.numeric(names(envelopeModel3D))
occurrences$index <- unlist(lapply(occurrences$depth, 
                                   FUN = function(x) 
                                     which.min(abs(layerNames - x))))
indices <- sort(unique(occurrences$index))

plotLayers(envelopeModel3D[[min(indices):max(indices)]],
           title = "Envelope Model of Luminous Hake,\n 20 to 700m",
           land = land)
```

Interestingly, the bottom model did not predict the suitable habitat recovered by the surface model in the Sargasso Sea. The 3D model predicts suitable habitat in the Sargasso Sea, but only at lower depths.

Of course, this is just the introduction. Please explore the other vignettes for more features and workflow examples. We welcome submissions from the community for other types of modeling algorithms, functions, and/or features you would like to see. Submit your suggestions as issues [here](https://github.com/hannahlowens/voluModel/issues).

# Tidying up
Last, we need to close the temporary directory we opened when we opened the data.

```{r cleanup temporary directory}
unlink(td, recursive = T)
```

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