# Regression with a functional covariate: Cross-validation analysis of the Tecator data set

#### Haziq Jamil

#### 2024-04-02

Continuing on Section 3.4 of the vignette, we revisit the code used to obtain out-of-sample test error rates, and extend the analysis to a leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) scheme.

# Easy train/test split

The `iprior()` function includes an argument to conveniently instruct which data samples should be used for training, and any remaining data used for testing. The out-of-sample test error rates would then be reported together. The examples in the vignette can then be conducted as follows:

    data(tecator, package = "caret")
    fat <- endpoints[, 2]
    absorp <- -t(diff(t(absorp)))  # take first differences
    mod1 <- iprior(fat, absorp, train.samp = 1:172, method = "mixed")

    ## Running 5 initial EM iterations
    ## ================================================================================
    ## Now switching to direct optimisation
    ## iter   10 value 223.048879
    ## final  value 222.642108
    ## converged

The prediction error (training and test) can then be obtained easily:

    get_prederror(mod1)

    ## Training RMSE     Test RMSE
    ##      2.890732      2.890353

# LOOCV experiment

With the above conveniences, it is easy to wrap this in loop to perform \(k\)-fold cross-validation; this is done in the `iprior_cv()` function. We now analyse the predictive performance of I-prior models using a LOOCV scheme. For all `n=215` samples, one observation pair is left out and the model trained; the prediction error is obtained for the observation that was left out. This is repeated for all `n=215` samples, and the average of the prediction errors calculated.

For the linear RKHS, the code to peform the LOOCV in the `iprior` package is as follows:

    (mod1.cv <- iprior_cv(fat, absorp, method = "em",
                          control = list(stop.crit = 1e-2), folds = Inf))

    ## Results from Leave-one-out Cross Validation
    ## Training RMSE: 2.869906
    ## Test RMSE    : 2.331397

Notice the argument `folds = Inf`—since the `iprior_cv()` function basically performs a \(k\)-fold cross validation experiment, setting `folds` to be equal to sample size or higher tells the function to perform LOOCV. Also note that the EM algorithm was used to fit the model, and the stopping criterion relaxed to `1e-2`—this offered faster convergence without affecting predictive abilities. The resulting fit gives training and test mean squared error (MSE) for the cross-validation experiment.

The rest of the code for the remaining models are given below. As this takes quite a long time to run, this has been run locally and the results saved into the data `tecator.cv` within the `iprior` package.

    mod2.cv <- iprior_cv(fat, absorp, method = "em", folds = Inf, kernel = "poly2",
                         est.offset = TRUE, control = list(stop.crit = 1e-2))
    mod3.cv <- iprior_cv(fat, absorp, method = "em", folds = Inf, kernel = "poly3",
                         est.offset = TRUE, control = list(stop.crit = 1e-2))
    mod4.cv <- iprior_cv(fat, absorp, method = "em", folds = Inf, kernel = "fbm",
                         control = list(stop.crit = 1e-2))
    mod5.cv <- iprior_cv(fat, absorp, method = "em", folds = Inf, kernel = "fbm",
                         est.hurst = TRUE, control = list(stop.crit = 1e-2))
    mod6.cv <- iprior_cv(fat, absorp, method = "em", folds = Inf, kernel = "se",
                         est.lengthscale = TRUE, control = list(stop.crit = 1e-2))

    # Function to tabulate the results
    tecator_tab_cv <- function() {
      tab <- t(sapply(list(mod1.cv, mod2.cv, mod3.cv, mod4.cv, mod5.cv, mod6.cv),
                      function(mod) {
                        res <- as.numeric(apply(sqrt(mod$mse[, -1]), 2, mean))
                        c("Training MSE" = res[1], "Test MSE" = res[2])
                        }))
      rownames(tab) <- c("Linear", "Quadratic", "Cubic", "fBm-0.5", "fBm-MLE",
                         "SE-MLE")
      tab
    }

The results are tabulated below.

Results for the LOOCV experiment for various I-prior models.
| Training RMSE | Test RMSE
--- | --- | ---
Linear | 2.87 | 2.33
Quadratic | 2.98 | 2.66
Cubic | 2.97 | 2.64
fBm-0.5 | 0.09 | 0.50
fBm-MLE | 0.01 | 0.46
SE-MLE | 0.36 | 2.07